کارکرد جادوی مجاورت در عناوین آثار نثر فنی و مصنوع
آرشیو
چکیده
جادوی مجاورت از عوامل مهم و تعیین کننده در بررسی تأثیرات زبانی و بلاغی بر نظرگاه اندیشگانی ایرانیان در طول تاریخ بوده است. این شگرد بلاغی به قدری قدرتمند است که گاه به مقدّرات تاریخی و فرهنگی ایرانیان جهت داده است. تأثیرگذاری جادوی مجاورت از طریق برجسته سازی در سطح کلام صورت می گیرد. نویسندگان در طول حیات ادبی ایران همواره سعی داشته اند با تکیه بر این عامل تأثیرگذار مخاطب را به درجه اقناع برسانند. دروازه ورود به متون عناوین آن هاست. ازاین روی، این برجسته سازی به شدت در میان عناوین آثار (به ویژه نثرهای مصنوع) دیده می شود. در این جستار با روش تحلیلی-توصیفی جادوی مجاورت در نوزده عنوان نثر مصنوع و متکلف نشان داده شده است. مبنای نظری جستار حاضر نظریات مندرج در کتاب از زبان شناسی به ادبیات کوروشصفوی است که ایجاد ادبیت را نتیجه قاعده افزایی و توازن در برونه زبان می داند. این قاعده افزایی و توازن موجب ایجاد جادوی مجاورت در عناوین آثار شده که در کنار زیبایی آفرینی، خوانندگان را از طریق التذاذ شنوایی و دیداری به مطالعه آثار ترغیب می کند و درنهایت همین عامل منجر به ایجاد حس اقناع در مخاطبان می شود.The Function of the “Magic of Vicinity” in the Titles of Technical and Complex Prose Works
The magic of proximity has been a crucial and determining factor in examining the linguistic and rhetorical impacts on the intellectual perspective of Iranians throughout history. This rhetorical technique is so powerful that it has sometimes influenced the historical and cultural destiny of Iranians. The impact of the magic of proximity occurs through foregrounding at the level of speech. Throughout the literary history of Iran, authors have always tried to persuade their audience by relying on this influential factor. The gateway to texts is their titles; hence, this foregrounding is intensely evident in the titles of works, especially in artistic prose. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method, demonstrates the magic of proximity in nineteen titles of artistic and ornate prose. The theoretical basis of the present study is the theories discussed in Kurosh Safavi’s book From Linguistics to Literature, which considers literariness as a result of rule-making and balance in the surface structure of language. This rule-making and balance lead to the magic of proximity in the titles of works, which, besides creating beauty, encourage readers to study the works through auditory and visual pleasure and ultimately lead to a sense of persuasion in the audience. IntroductionPersian prose, similar to Arabic prose, has often been subordinate to poetry and somewhat follows its lead. This is most evident in artistic prose, which gradually emerged in the late fifth century, particularly when the political structure shifted from rationality and democracy towards emotionalism and despotism. Simplicity in writing gradually gave way to elaboration and artificiality, transforming the era of tragedies into an era of caricatures. This shift accelerated when Ashʿari discourse and Shafiʿi jurisprudence replaced Muʿtazili discourse and Hanafi jurisprudence, and as it is said, Khwajah Nezam al-Molk Tusi took the place of ʿAmid al-Molk Kondori. From this point onwards, the structure of structures began to decline, and the decadence in Persian prose emerged, with its manifestations visible in the titles of books from this period, predominantly influenced by proximity.In this study, we aim to examine the intellectual decline of Iranians, influenced by the decline of political thought, and to reflect this through the analysis of the magic of proximity in the titles of artistic prose works. We also seek to explain that whenever meaning has been eclipsed, words and form have dominated, becoming the prevailing aspect of that culture, and linguistic games have replaced meaning-creation and intellectual exploration. Research BackgroundVarious studies have been conducted on the subject of the present inquiry, drawing on different works. The article "The Magic of Proximity" by Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani was first published in October 1998 and subsequently became a subject of study and analysis for many researchers. This article, along with other lectures, was published in a book titled Resurrection of Words (2012). In this article, the author discusses the causes of the magic of proximity and its effects on the structure of culture and thought. Numerous articles have analyzed this topic, a few of which are mentioned below."Manifestations of the Magic of Proximity in Masnavi" by Mitra Golchin and Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani: This study examines and introduces the rhetorical domain of the magic of proximity in Masnavi. The findings indicate that elements creating internal music, such as various types of puns, melody, repetition of consonants and vowels, reinforce the magic of contiguity in Masnavi.Another study, "The Magic of Proximity in Several Sermons of Nahj al-Balagha," by Farahnaz Shahverdi, Mahmoud Shahbazi, Ghasem Mokhtari, and Seyyed Abolfazl Sajjadi, analyzes the magic of Proximity on syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes. It also introduces the artistic elements that, through the process of selecting and combining words along these two axes, create defamiliarization in the usual texture of speech. Their achievement in this study is presenting examples of novel creations in the innermost layers of speech texture (spiritual music).Another article that adopts a similar approach to the present inquiry is "Examining the Magic of Proximity in Folk Proverbs" by Alireza Asadi and Mohammad Reza Khoman. This study, applying the linguistic theories discussed by Kurosh Safavi, examines the book Story of Bahmaniari, which includes six thousand proverbs, and identifies the music-creating elements such as rhyme, pun, alliteration, and repetition as creators of the magic of proximity in proverbs.To date, no independent research has been conducted on the analysis of the magic of contiguity in the titles of technical and artificial prose works. MethodologyThis research aims to depict the intellectual decline of Iranians, influenced by the decline of political ideas, and to reflect this through the analysis of the magic of proximity in the titles of artistic prose works. The study employs a descriptive-analytical method to show how the magic of proximity draws attention to the titles of literary works. This study draws its methodology from Kurosh Safavi’s From Linguistics to Literature, employing a deductive observational approach. DiscussionLiterary creation is perceived as a product of rule-making and balance within the surface layer of language. Titles of artistic and ornate prose are categorized and examined under various themes. Relying on the notion of establishing balance at both phonetic and lexical levels, the study showcases the utilization of the magic of proximity in the selected titles. Of particular note is the significant prevalence of artistic and ornate prose with historical themes within this classification. As these prose works veer away from narrative elements towards a more scientific framework, their quantity diminishes due to increased emphasis on structure and persuasion. This transition underscores the notion that distancing oneself from linguistic aesthetics leads to a greater emphasis on reality and scientific content. One of the primary functions of framing historical events within a narrative structure is persuasion. Narrators aim to not only engage their audience but also to convince them of the validity of the depicted issues through various storytelling techniques. Language holds a pivotal role in influencing the audience’s reception and acceptance of the narrative content. In catering to audiences from diverse ideological backgrounds, specific tools are required to effectively achieve the goal of persuasion and acceptance. Across different historical epochs, the magic of proximity has consistently emerged as a potent tool in reshaping the attitudes of cultural denizens within society.The aesthetic concept of proximity magic is predicated upon the amalgamation of disparate elements within its compelling spectrum, imbuing them with a sense of coherence or cohesion. By leveraging the formal proximity of said elements or their harmonious resonance in relation to their profound essence, the perceived distance between them is effaced, fostering a perception of proximity in both visage and significance. This study employs linguistic rules that yield a rhetorical resonance aimed at augmenting the intrinsic musicality of the text. ConclusionThe findings of this study, similar to other research conducted in this field, indicate that the magic of proximity has always played a significant and influential role in the intellectual life of Iranians. Creating powerful music through the proximity of identical or similar phonemes and the juxtaposition of syllables in a particular pattern results in balance, leading the audience to accept any message unconditionally upon hearing and perceiving this balance.One of the domains where the magic of proximity manifests itself is in the titles of artistic and ornate prose works. Given that the title of a work is a crucial factor in attracting and retaining the audience, authors have always endeavored to captivate them initially through the title. By examining the titles of several artistic and ornate prose works across different fields, we concluded that the magic of proximity is manifested through a specific system in them. This specific system was studied in two areas: phonetic balance and lexical balance. In the area of phonetic balance, the titles showed harmony at both the phoneme and syllable levels, thus possessing high musical power. In the area of lexical balance, we encounter two literary devices: pun and rhyme. What creates the magic of proximity in this area is the differences at the word level, which have led to various puns and rhymes, almost ubiquitous in all titles. Since most works in this period are in two or more parts, the authors have fully utilized this capacity in word selection and title creation.Another finding of this research is the high frequency of various influential factors in creating the magic of proximity among works with historical content. Given the type of historiography in these periods, which leans toward narrative history, the historian-writer seeks to persuade the audience. One of the key functions of the magic of contiguity is convincing the audience, a phenomenon evident throughout our literary history.
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