ارزیابی مؤلفه های مؤثر بر شکل گیری فرم و هندسه فضاهای شهری به منظور افزایش حضور پذیری سالمندان (نمونه موردی: منطقه یک شیراز) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
سالمندان نیازهای متفاوتی نسبت به دیگر گروه های سنی جامعه دارا هستند که کمتر به این نیازها در فضاهای شهری توجه شده است. با توجه به مفهوم همه شمول بودن فضاهای شهری، سالمندان نیز ازجمله اقشار موردتوجه در جامعه می باشند که کمتر مطالعه ای بر حضور آن ها در محیط های عمومی پرداخته است. این پژوهش باهدف بررسی مؤلفه های مؤثر بر شکل گیری فرم و هندسه فضاهای شهری، در پی افزایش حضور سالمندان در این گونه مکان ها می باشد. به منظور انجام این مطالعه در میان محلات مختلف در کلان شهر سالمند پذیر شیراز، محله سردار جنگل با توجه به جمعیت بیشتر سالمند در منطقه یک به عنوان نمونه آماری برای تحلیل کمی انتخاب شد. با توجه به چهارچوب مفهومی مطالعه، داده ها در سه حوزه امنیت، کالبد و اجتماع مورد تجزیه وتحلیل آماری قرارگرفته اند. در تجزیه وتحلیل استنباطی با استفاده از آزمون فریدمن، شاخص عزت نفس و احترام بیشترین و شاخص آشنایی کمترین مطلوبیت را به منظور حضور پذیری سالمندان در محله دارا می باشد. مقایسه تطبیقی نتایج با مطالعات گذشته نشان داد که دو متغیر شادکامی و امیدواری که از زیرشاخه های مطرح در بحث عزت نفس سالمندان می باشند بیشترین اثر در استفاده سالمندان از فضاهای شهری دارا می باشند. اگرچه در مطالعات گذشته به اهمیت متغیرهایی همچون آشنایی به منطقه، نسبت ارتفاع به پهنه، مقیاس انسانی و تعلق به محیط اشاره شده است، نتایج مطالعه نشان دهنده اولویت کمتر این شاخصه ها در بین سالمندان می باشد. به منظور بهبود وضعیت فعلی و افزایش حضور پذیری سالمندان با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده، تقویت هندسه فضاها برای مکث و گرد هم آمدن سالمندان، توجه به خط آسمان برگرفته از فرم و هندسه ساختمان ها در کوی های منتهی به خیابان های اصلی محله پیشنهادشده است.Evaluation of Components influencing the Form and Geometry of Urban Spaces towards More Attendance of the Elderly: District One of Shiraz as Case
Introduction
The challenges and problems that cities are currently facing, have caused the loss of identity, decrease in attendance, vitality, and the crisis of social-spatial disintegration. Moreover, since many retirees and elderly have migrated to Shiraz metropolis from other cities of Iran, the elderly population of this city has increased. These two issues have made Shiraz one of the old cities of Iran in terms of the age of its residents. Despite the aging population of this city, the urban form has not been considered in urban projects to accommodate the elderly in this city. That is, ignoring the needs of the elderly in District 1 of Shiraz metropolis and the lack of suitable urban spaces for the presence and activity of the elderly in the neighborhoods of this district can lead to social deterioration and a reduction in their useful life. This in turn will be a threat to the life expectancy of Iranians. This research explored the status quo of the selected neighborhood in District 1 of Shiraz and then explored effective strategies and policies in improving the presence of the elderly in urban spaces.
Method
This applied research used descriptive-analytical method. Library and field methods were used to collect the required data. From among the proposed areas and considering the maximum number of elderly located in the district 1, and also considering the desired criteria, a questionnaire of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was prepared and evaluated by urban specialists. Then, it was evaluated by TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), Expert Choice, and SPSS. Finally, a district was selected for evaluating its current situation in terms of the presence of the elderly. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the number of needed questionnaires, which was measured to be 266. Therefore, 270 questionnaires were distributed among the elderly of Sardar Jangal, Shiraz.
Results
The descriptive test of the indicators (including security, urban form, and social dimensions) and their sub-indicators showed that the familiarity indicator had the lowest average and the self-esteem and respect indicator had the highest average response. The frequency rate regarding the mean of the descriptive test showed that the lowest rate belongs to the height-to-width ratio indicator and the highest rate belongs to the comfort, comprehensiveness, self-esteem and respect indicators. Moreover, regarding evaluating the frequency of repetition of answers, the highest repetition belonged to the indicators of comfort and comprehensiveness of the space and the lowest repetition belonged to the indicators of familiarity, human scale, street orientation, and height-to-width ratio. The results of the Friedman test showed that among the 270 evaluated questionnaires, the highest frequency belongs to the indicator of self-esteem and respect (average: 2.98) and the lowest frequency belongs to the indicator of familiarity (average: 2.35). Moreover, the indicators of human scale, belongingness, liking, and readability (average: 2.50) and street orientation and the sky view factor (average: 2.52) have the same frequency and importance. Regarding the standard deviation of the indicators, the human scale indicator was the lowest and the self-esteem and respect indicator was the best. Moreover, the results showed that the self-esteem and respect indicator with a rank of 17.97 is the highest and the familiarity indicator with a rank of 11.54 is the least favorable among the people of Sardar Jangal neighborhood in District 1 of Shiraz, Iran.
Discussion and Conclusion
Statistical tests were performed and the effective indicators in increasing the presence of the elderly in the urban spaces of the studied neighborhood were determined. Then, the results of this research were compared with the results of previous studies in this field. The comparative analysis showed that happiness and hope variables from the self-esteem sub-indices of the elderly, which were investigated by other studies, confirm the results of this research. Therefore, these variables have the greatest impact on the use of urban spaces by the elderly. Considering the results, some solutions were presented to strengthen the short-term stopping spaces for the elderly to gather in Kowsar Park in Ghasrdasht Street. Regarding the inclusiveness of urban spaces for the presence of the elderly, the comparison of the results of this research with the results of other studies showed that both personal and environmental components are very important in designing the space, so they should be considered in the designs. Regarding the solutions, it was suggested to make suitable ramps and floor constructions for the disabled and blind people on the sidewalk. It was suggested to create short-term stopping spaces in the paths of Ghasrdasht and Daneshamouz streets. Moreover, the comparison of the results of this research with the results of other similar works showed that the physical shape of spaces can influence on the creation of suitable environments for users. The results pertaining to the contribution of the concept of "human scale" in the success of urban projects showed that the human scale has an impact proportionate with all the criteria for measuring the success of projects. Therefore, regarding the policies, this study highlights attention to the skyline in the alleys of Ghasrdasht street and observing the M3 rule for all houses and the north-south direction of the streets towards the maximum use of natural light. Moreover, the review of other studies and the comparison of their results with the results of this research showed that all the components of this research are directly connected to other researches. The comparison of the results of this study with those of previous studies shows that the classification and prioritization of the factors and components that influence the elderly have to do with the ability attend in public spaces, different from the factors that impact upon other age groups.
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