Propensity Score Matching

Inflation targeting framework has become a predominant monetary approach across the globe. Williams (2015) believes that in a very real sense, almost all economies are inflation targeters -either explicit or implicit- now.(1) Due to the increasing spread of this policy, it is necessary to consider the way it affects macroeconomic variables. using prevalent economic models for evaluating the effectiveness of inflation targeting causes bias selection which for solving this problem, it is proposed propensity score matching model. the goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the adoption of Inflation Targeting policy on indirect taxes and its components in two selected groups of oil exporter and oil importer countries during 1990-2016 by using propensity score matching model. our results have shown that inflation targeting adoption in average has a positive and significant effect on indirect tax revenues in oil importer countries group but its effect on indirect tax revenues in oil exporter countries is insignificant. JEL Classification: E5, H2, C21.

While some research projects have been done into the guidelines for and inefficacy of religious involvement in subjective well-being (SWB), it has been well-argued that religious involvement should be more considered as one of the key elements triggering off SWB. The current study examines the possible relationship between religious involvement, religious attendance, religious beliefs, and SWB among male and female groups. The relationship between the variables and SWB was investigated through Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Nearest-Neighbor Matching (NNM). The sample consists of people aged 18 and over in fifteen districts of Isfahan in the year 2020 (N=363). Our analysis shows a robust influence of religious involvement, religious attendance, and religious beliefs on SWB in a framework of multivariate logistics which controls for education, gender, income, and disabilities. Moreover, in contrast to other studies, the findings indicate equal efficacy of religion for both men and women. In addition, findings show that Muslim individuals are happier and more satisfied with life than non-Muslim or non-religious people. We suggest that the influence of religious organizations and communities on the process of happiness and welfare as well as the function of these elements be highlighted as areas for further studies.

Burundi, like other countries, invests in agricultural research and development. The adoption of the most productive varieties is one of the ways of increasing agricultural yields. Rice, because of its high productivity, is among the cereals which occupy an important place in the food security strategy in Burundi. This study aims to identify the effect of the adoption of this variety on the productivity of rice farmers. Using random sampling technique was used to select the respondents to fill the questionnaires, data were collected from 524 rice farmers spread across the five villages, namely Buringa, Murira, Nyeshanga, Ninga and Bwiza of the Gihanga commune in Bubanza, Burundi. The analysis of the determinants and the quasi-experimental method based on propensity score matching was used in the estimation of the results of the effect of adoption of the rutete variety on the productivity of rice farmers and estimate the results. The study found that the average rice yields for adopted and non-adopted farmers were respectively 9754 and 9912 kg/ha. Also, if non-adopting farmers decide to adopt the variety, their counterfactual rice yield would be 7931 kg/ha for adopters and for non-adopters reached 7927 kg/ha. The average effect of the treatment on the rice yield of the adopters was 1823 kg/ha and significant (p<0.01). The decision to adopt for non-adopting rice farmers could increase the average yield by 1984 kg/ha. The results imply the positive role of the adoption of the rutete rice variety on the performance of rice farmers in Gihanga. It is recommended that the government and research institutions involved in the agricultural sustainable development support rice farmers by increasing agricultural research innovation with the aim of increasing the yield of crops.