نقد اساطیری روایت های عاشقانۀ شهریارنامه برمبنای نظریه های یونگ و جرج فریزر (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از رویکردهای نقد ادبی معاصر نقد اسطوره ای است که به بررسی ریشه های اساطیری آثار ادبی در حوزه شخصیت ها و روایت ها می پردازد. نظریه های اسطوره باروری و کهن الگویی دو رویکرد اسطوره ای شاخص در نقد آثار ادبی هستند که بیانگر زیرساخت روانشناسانه و اساطیری پیرنگ آثار ادبی هستند. منظومه پهلوانی شهریارنامه داستان سرگذشت و ماجراجویی های شهریار نوه سهراب است که در قرن دهم هجری توسط شاعری «مختاری» نام سروده شده است. این منظومه نسبتاً مفصل دارای خرده روایت های بسیاری درباره شهریار به ویژه در حوزه عاشقانه و غنایی است که به دلیل روایت کهن و نشانه های درون متنی دارای پیرنگی اساطیری با کارکرد باروری و تکامل تفردگرایانه است. در این نوشته با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی کنش های شهریار در دو خرده روایت عاشقانه این منظومه از زاویه نظریه تفرد (خویشتن شناسی) و اسطوره باروری مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. یافته های این پژوهش نشان می دهند که در یک خرده روایت عاشقانه، شهریار با ترک ایران و ورود به هند وارد حوزه ناخوداگاهی شده و پس از تجربه ساحات مختلف روانی (کهن-الگوها) به تکامل فردی و خودشکوفایی می رسد و در خرده روایت دیگر شهریار در هیأت خدای نباتی به مبارزه با اژدهای خشکسالی (مضراب دیو) می رود و با شکست او، الهه باروری و عشق (دلارام) را آزاد می کند.Mythical Criticism of Shahriar Nameh Narratives Based on the Theories of Jung and George Fraser
Introduction
Mokhtari's Shahryar nameh is one of the epic and mythological poems with a relatively large volume, the structure of which contains a main narrative and several sub-narratives. A romance has been expressed that, according to the action and confrontation of the characters in them, in the depth and depth of these romantic sub-narratives, various similarities and combinations with mythological themes and components can be found, and these mythological components can reflect certain fields of psychology. For this reason, in this research, the recognition of such mythological components in the romantic sub-narratives of Shahryar nameh and the explanation of the possibility or impossibility of reflecting the psychological fields through these mythological components, is presented as an important research problem, and their analysis can provide an answer to the research problem. In this research, three major questions are raised as follows: 1. Can the romantic narratives of Shahryar nameh Mokhtari be a subject to be investigated in terms of mythological and psychological criticism?
In case of a positive answer to the first question; What is the mythology of Shahryar nameh 's love stories in terms of mythological criticism of the narrator?
What archetypes or areas of psychological science do these myths reflect in their depth?
The theory proposed in this research states that the romantic narratives in Shahryar nameh, like many epic stories, narrate various myths that can be analyzed from the point of view of psychology. Regarding the background of the research, only a few researches have been conducted on the subject of Shahryar nameh: Reza Ghafouri (2016) in an article titled "Attitude to Shahryar nameh and its Compilation Period" has investigated the most important differences between several manuscripts. Hassanpour and Qavam (2021) in the article "Archetypal Criticism of Shahryar nameh based on Jung's theory" based on Jung's analytical psychology in a different way from the method of this article by analyzing the symbolic numbers of the poem and Nine steps of Shahryar, his journey and journey in nine steps are symbolized.
Review
Among the heroic texts of Iran, the story of the bravery of Shahryar is found in the Shahryar nameh poem, and in the Iranian folk texts. This work contains a main narrative and several sub-narratives. The main narrative of this work is the story of Shahryar, Barzo's son, from Sistan and going to India and finally returning to Iran and Sistan. All the sub-narratives of this work are eventually somehow connected with Shahryar's story. Many of the adventures in this poem are reminiscent of the stories of the Shah nama; In a way that in many places the poet clearly refers to the above-mentioned stories, such as: kidnapping of Delaram by Mezrab Div following the story of Akwan Div, nine steps of Shahryar like seven steps of Rostam, … In this article, only two relatively romantic narratives related to Shahryar are analyzed, each of them in one of the layers of meaning is a manifestation of Carl Gustav Jung's theories of individuality process and perfectionist self-knowledge and George Fraser's fertility myth. According to Jung, due to the collective unconscious origin of the subjects and the basis of legends, myths and stories are common and specific and are repeated always and everywhere, in fact, archetypes are the materials of the hereditary building of the human psyche in the formation of literary works. According to this reading, Zabul (Iran) is in the self-conscious state of Shahryar, who, due to Zal's (symbolic father) Shahryar's blame and lack of attention, has left it and entered the unconscious (India) by turning his back on the current reality. At this stage of his life, a wise and helpful old man in the form of a merchant takes care of him and provides the ground for change and exit from this stage by taking Shahryar to the public meeting of Arjang Shah and playing polo. During Arjang Shah's visit, the unruly elephant, attacked, who kills people and arms in the city square (sparks of power and inner ability), plays the role of a shadow in Shahryar's psyche, which, when Shahryar overcomes it, falls to the lower layers of the unconscious, and pushed back. After acting, Shahryar, by attracting the positive look and trust of Arjang Shah (symbolic father), again faced his real and class face, the warrior class, and accepted it, and with the meeting of Arjang Shah's daughter (Anima) and the projection of failed love and lack of affection Finally, by accepting the social role of a warlord, his motherly self reaches a psychological balance and harmony between consciousness and unconsciousness. A god or a hero goes to battle with the dragon and kills him, as a result, the water flows again and is free, and once again greenness and vitality return to nature.
Conclusion
From the point of view of Jung's psychological analysis, in this work, Zabul (Iran) is in the self-conscious state of Shahryar, who, due to Zal's (symbolic father) blame and lack of attention, Shahryar leaves it and enters India (the realm of the unconscious) and by choosing clothes and the mask of agriculture lives with anonymity instead of the mask of the warrior class; But as soon as he meets and gets to know the Iranian merchant (the wise old man of the story), the ground for his transformation is provided, and by confronting and overcoming the elephant, he becomes repressed (the shadow) and attracts the positive look and trust of Arjang Shah (the symbolic father) again with his real and classy face. That is, the warrior class faced and accepted it, and by marrying Arjang Shah's daughter (Anima), he reached harmony between consciousness and unconsciousness and went through the process of separation. From the point of view of the myth of dragon slaying and fertility, Shahryar is the hero of dragon slaying, who follows the abduction of the goddess of fertility (Delaram) by a dragon or a drought demon (Mezrab-Div) under the guidance of a worldly person (Jumhorshah) with the aim of releasing the goddess, steps on the path of Noh Khan and by going through different stages, he succeeds in freeing the girl from the whole (the world of the dead) and accomplishes his mission. In another reading, Shahryar is a martyred god who is symbolically killed by the conspiracy of a rival god (Frank) and is imprisoned in a whole (the world of the dead) until the goddess of fertility (Delaram) travels to the world of the dead with a disguised face and causes freedom and return.
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