Persian Gulf

Due to its specific location, the Persian Gulf has been at the center of attention throughout Iran’s history. Apart from commercial ships that passed through this strategic waterway, the Persian Gulf turned into a major point for the emergence and export of various thoughts and religions from one place to another in the region and beyond. In addition to historical texts, burial practices and rites seem important enough to evaluate and assess religious tendencies of the people who lived in this area. Among these rituals, those belonging to Zoroastrians on the edge of the Persian Gulf are of immense importance, which include some known samples found in Khark Island, Siraf Port, and Bushehr’s Shoghab. Man-made caves located on the Persian Gulf shores near the Parsian (=Gavbandi) next to cultural remnants of Islamic periods called “Javad Al-Aemeh Fishing Port” near the Bostanu Village help us know this kind of architecture. It seems that Bostanu caves served as rock-cut tombs and were included in the burial tradition of the Sassanian period that was also used in the Islamic period. Also, the location of Bostanu can be matched with the ancient Apsaneh and take its history back to the era of Alexander of Macedonia.  

The hosting of Qatar for the 2022 FIFA World Cup and the announcement of Saudi Arabia's preparation for the 2034 made the world wondered for the new Middle East in the coming years. On the one hand, political experiences such as war and extremism groups, and on the other hand, the main source of oil and gas supply in the Middle East is a proof of the need for countries in the region to use football as a lever in changing the international image. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the position of football and the development process of football in the Middle East region, focusing on the three countries of Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE, and finally, the reason for Iran's conflicts with some of these countries in region. While the sport has a critical role on empowering the international prestige of Gulf states, football is the critical part to fill the power vacuum in region. Football has two minor (media, airlines and tourism) and micro (Geopolitics, geo economy, competition and political economy) impression on region.

There is no doubt that with the normalization of relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia after a long period of tension, one of the most key results of this agreement, that is, its impact on the security relations between Iran and the Arab world, and at the center of it, Iran and the Persian Gulf, is of particular importance. will be. Yemen, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq, during the past years, have always been the scene of indirect confrontation between these two regional powers. But the question is, what is the reason for these tensions? What effect has the agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia had on the continuation of this cold war, and more importantly, what effect will this informal understanding have on the economic, political and security-military dimensions of Iran and other Persian Gulf countries? Some believe that the tensions between the two countries are caused by the endangerment of the oil-economic interests of these countries, some believe that this fear is caused by the possible increase of Iran's influence in the region, and in the opinion of others, the Arabs are worried about America's tendency towards Iran and perhaps attention less the United States to them. But perhaps these reactions can be explained in the form of defensive realism and according to "Taliaferro" one of its four main assumptions, i.e., the "security enigma", by means of which, every action of a government to increase its security, on the part of governments The competitor is considered as a hostile action. The following article tries to answer this question by assuming that the agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia, as a factor that caused the security puzzle in the relations between the Arab world and Iran, both before and after it was achieved.

The Safavid era in Iran coincides with the growth of international trade relations and interaction with European East India companies. The Safavid kings wanted to establish relations with the East India Company, especially the Dutch East India Company, for various reasons. The Dutch were able to surpass their European counterparts in their dealings with the Safavid government by using economic, commercial and sometimes political initiatives, and what kept the Dutch ahead of their other European rivals was the commercial approach of the Dutch ambassadors and political representatives in their dealings with Iranian representatives and officials, the Dutch ambassadors and political representatives tried to spend on commercial activities and the opening of trade House in the ports of the Persian Gulf, so that they could monopolize the trade of the East. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to study the role of the ambassadors of Iran and the Netherlands in the formation and consistency of political-economic relations between the two countries. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The findings of the research show that the expansion of Iran's foreign relations with the Dutch government during the reign of Shah Abbas and the gradual access of the political representatives of this government to Iran, led to the prosperity of Iran's foreign trade. Iran's geographical position, was a suitable arena in which ambassadors and businessmen of different countries could pursue their trade goals in the shortest time and at the lowest cost.

For years, archaeologists have investigated and excavated the peripheral lands of the Persian Gulf and accomplished considerable achievements in this regard. The findings were published in the form of articles and books. Nevertheless, despite efforts by some historians to come up with works on this field, there lacks a comprehensive archaeological book on the Persian Gulf. In the present study, the author attempts to critically evaluate a book entitled Persian Gulf Archaeology in Parthian & Sasanian Periods.

On the northern shore of the Persian Gulf, not far from the coastline of Bandar-e Dayyer (Dayyer Port) in Bushehr Province, remains of a large archeological site can be seen in the form of dense piles of the rubble as well as architectural remnants scattering over ​​approximately 27 hectares, which is known as Bardoo. The remaining and main parts of the site are located in the south and southeast of the city of Bardestan, between a road leading to Bandar-e Dayyer and the western flank of salt marshes on the west bank of huge Bay (xowr), located about 2200 meters from the coastline of Bandar-e Dayyer itself. Archaeological excavations at this site reveal three periods, ranging from Parthian to the early Islamic era. 

The melting of the polar ice caps in the north and Antarctica and the increase in the water volume of the oceans and seas cause changes in the sea coasts, which lead to the reduction of the land area of the coastal countries and the submergence of some islands. This change in closed and semi-closed seas, where the coasts of opposite countries are located at a short distance from each other, will have legal and political consequences, which will be the source of conflicts and tensions between coastal areas. One of the beaches on the northern edge of the Persian Gulf, which is considered the normal baseline, is the distance between Bandar Jask and Bandar Abbas. An area whose baseline will be challenged by rising seas and will have legal issues in the future.This article seeks to answer the question of how the rising water level in the Persian Gulf will affect the border issues between Iran and its maritime neighbors. The purpose of this research is to study the location of border tensions caused by climatic fluctuations in the Persian Gulf and the method of library and documentary research, and based on the statistics extracted from the sources, a new map was presented in the GIS environment with the techniques of this software. The results of the research indicate that the rise of the water level resulting from the melting of the polar ice caps in the future will cause a part of the land of the Islamic Republic of Iran to be submerged in front of Oman, and as a result, it will provide the basis for possible conflicts between Iran and that country.

Iran as a maritime country, despite having a strategic position in the Middle East, and about 4,900 km of coastline along the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman and the transit communication axis between the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf, plays a decisive role in regional and international trade, therefore, it must have comprehensive and complete maritime laws so that it can comply with the international community and national and international issues. The importance of maritime rights should be evaluated according to various factors, including the strength of the national fleet, the level of movement and activity of the country's ports, and the country's geographical position in the region. The present study is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature and library method. In this study, the qualitative method of data analysis was used. In collecting sources and data, relevant books and laws were referred to, and the method of recording study slips was used. In the end, suggestions have been made to improve Iran's maritime law conditions. 

Following the contemporary globalization process, cities have gained a strong presence in world politics, and by connecting to international urban networks, they play an effective role in the common interests of themselves and other urban actors. The current research aims to investigate the requirements of forming an international union of cities around the Persian Gulf by strengthening city diplomacy in the region with the benefit of a descriptive-analytical method. In this regard, the background of economic and social relations and the region's current situation have been investigated using reliable sources and articles. Finally, the model of city diplomacy in the Persian Gulf region has been presented. The research findings show that the cities of this region have moved in the direction of divergence despite the presence of many convergence factors, and the formation of an international urban union in the region will play an effective role in increasing convergence and greater peace in the region.