Iraq

Purpose: The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive framework for identifying the challenges facing human resource management (HRM) in the education system of Iraq. By leveraging insights from key stakeholders, the study aims to provide detailed understanding and solutions to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of HRM practices in Iraqi educational institutions. Methodology: This qualitative study utilized a purposive sampling method to select 12 experts from the Iraqi education sector, focusing on the provinces of Maysan, Baghdad, and Dhi Qar. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, which were then transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis facilitated by NVivo software. The analysis aimed to identify key themes related to HRM challenges, ensuring the validity of findings through researcher self-review and verification control. Findings: The study identified several significant challenges affecting HRM in Iraq's education system. Financial constraints, such as low salaries for educational staff and inadequate funding for schools, were pervasive. Infrastructural deficiencies, including old and poorly maintained school buildings, contributed to an unconducive learning environment. There was also a lack of technological integration, with schools insufficiently equipped and teachers untrained in using modern educational tools. Additional issues included inadequate parental and governmental support, a curriculum misaligned with societal and market needs, teacher demotivation, outdated assessment methods, and political instability influencing educational policies. Conclusion: Effective HRM practices, such as performance-based budgeting, financial decentralization, technological integration, and comprehensive teacher training programs, are essential for enhancing educator performance and improving educational quality.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the teaching of technical and practical courses in the College of Art in Iraq. Methodology: This applied-developmental study employed a survey-cross-sectional design. The statistical population consisted of art teachers in technical and vocational programs in Iraq, with a sample size of 188 teachers selected through cluster-random sampling. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire validated for face and construct validity, and reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficients exceeding 0.7. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Smart PLS software to examine the relationships between variables. Findings: The analysis revealed that strategic teaching planning significantly impacts educational, social, and individual outcomes. The contexts of technical and practical education and the teaching methods used in these courses significantly influence strategic teaching planning. Additionally, educational, human, and organizational factors were found to have a notable impact on the teaching of technical and practical courses. However, the traditional education system negatively affected strategic teaching planning. These findings align with previous research highlighting the importance of strategic planning, adaptive teaching methods, and the integration of modern technologies in improving educational outcomes. Conclusion: Strategic teaching planning is crucial for enhancing educational, social, and individual outcomes in technical and practical courses. Educational contexts, teaching methods, and various influencing factors must be considered to develop effective strategic plans. The traditional education system's rigidity poses challenges to effective teaching planning, suggesting a need for more flexible and innovative approaches. These insights provide valuable recommendations for educators and policymakers to improve the quality of technical and practical education in the arts.

Considering that the greatest threat to Iran in the past 400 years has emerged from the geography of Iraq (from the time of the Ottoman rule and onwards), it must be noted that Iraq is one of Iran's most important neighbors. Therefore, continuous examination of the shaping factors in Iran-Iraq relations is crucial. Although the history of Iran-Iraq relations spans over a century, this article seeks to explore, utilizing a historical-comparative method and an analytical approach, the shaping factors of Iran-Iraq relations from 2003 to 2022. The argument presented in this article suggests that while Iran managed to expand its regional influence in the aftermath of the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime, and replaced the pattern of hostility and tension of the Ba'athist era with a pattern of interaction and cooperation, the element of cooperation and interaction in Iran-Iraq relations is gradually fading due to changes and developments at domestic, regional and international levels.

Following the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 and the establishment of governments based on the people's votes, due to the long-standing religious and cultural ties between the peoples of Iran and Iraq, the ground for Iran's activism in the geopolitics of this country was provided. Iran's regional policy, while observing the principles of good neighborliness and non-interference, has taken a special and strategic view of these developments and has acted in an effort to secure national interests. In this regard, three patterns regarding Iran's activism in Iraq's geopolitics are proposed, which include the pattern of passive activism or non-participation, interactive activism, and activism based on soft power and economic links. Examining these three patterns and the advantages and disadvantages associated with each one, and analysis regarding which pattern will be more likely to provide Iran's national interests are the main topics of this article. Based on the results of this research, Iran can have a unique position in Iraq's geopolitics due to its relative advantages compared to other actors. Based on this, an effective regional policy to deepen the relations between Iran and Iraq, on the one hand, is focused on social relations that are rooted in culture, religion, language and common race, and on the other hand, it is focused on deepening economic relations and establishing mutual dependence. 

Objective: The absence or weakness of political structures and institutions in the new Iraqi political and social sphere has led to a political leader, whether in power or in opposition, playing the most significant role in political actions. Therefore, an analysis of political and social trends in Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime in 2003 indicates that the Sadr Movement has become the undisputed actor in the Iraqi political and social arena. This is attributed to its reliance on doctrines such as Arab nationalism, adopting an independent approach from other regional actors, fighting corruption, advocating for justice, equality, and eliminating political and social discrimination, and solving Iraq's economic problems.Methodology: The present study aims to systematically examine the evolution and development of the Sadr Movement in Iraq, stemming from the reflections of the Islamic Revolution. It will achieve its objectives and findings through a scientific, integrated approach combining historical, documentary, and in-depth, purposeful interview methods.Research Findings: The findings and documentation of the article indicate that the Sadr Movement, throughout its formation and evolution, which originated from the anti-American and anti-authoritarian discourse of Iran's Islamic Revolution, has gradually, under the leadership of Muqtada Sadr and according to the exigencies of the Iraqi political and social arena, reproduced itself from an anti-authoritarian and anti-occupation movement into a new political and social movement opposing the status quo. It has adopted a pragmatic approach and actions that are often contradictory to other Shia parties and groups by highlighting pluralistic identities, symbols, and policies based on Arab nationalism.Conclusion: The overall process of the Sadr Movement's evolution and development shows that Muqtada Sadr's activism has been very turbulent amidst transformations, and this personality has never considered himself to have a fixed role. Furthermore, Sadr has consistently adopted contradictory and unpredictable stances in his actions and statements, which has surprised political observers. This has caused ambiguity and confusion for other domestic and foreign actors in their interactions with him.

In the late twentieth century, many important facts that led to clear-cut changes in the structure of energy security issues, the most prominent of which was the global strategic oil reserve. These facts prompted regional circles to build a new world order, which includes many issues of energy security and ensuring the actor’s supplies. Regionally, the energy security sector in Iraq witnessed major challenges resulting from the security conditions and economic transformations. After the withdrawal of American forces from Iraq in 2011, security challenges increased significantly. Extremist armed groups such as ISIS attacked Oil areas, which led to a major threat to oil production and export. Oil facilities in Iraq witnessed several terrorist attacks and sabotage operations, which negatively affected the country’s ability to achieve sustainable production and export of energy supply Therefore, the operations to liberate the oil regions by the Iraqi forces from the control of the terrorist organization ISIS contributed to the Iraqi government seeking to put forward economic initiatives, most notably the development path to secure Iraqi energy supplies, in achieving economic prosperity for the country and the regional environment. this article analyzes the impact of energy security strategy for Iraq, The descriptive method is used in this article and the geopolitical and Geo-strategic transformations to it against Iraq after defeat ISIS, The main purpose of the article is to explain Iraq's goals in developing energy supply that aims to create a Economic well-being regional and international.

The rise of ISIS has profoundly impacted the economies of Iraq and Syria. This research paper examines the severe repercussions on international trade within these nations. By analyzing the economic and political ramifications of ISIS’s presence, the study aims to reveal how ISIS disrupts the movement of goods and services across Iraq and Syria. A key focus is the disruption of supply chains. ISIS’s presence has caused significant interruptions in production and distribution networks, leading to delays, increased costs, and inefficiencies in trade operations. Additionally, the instability has deterred domestic and foreign investments, resulting in financial losses and economic decline. The paper also addresses the decline in foreign trade. Fear and uncertainty from ISIS’s activities have reduced trade volumes, affecting essential goods and services. Furthermore, ISIS’s control of oil-rich regions has reduced output and led to illegal trade practices, complicating the economic landscape. 

The Middle East has been a region marked by profound transformations, consistently hindering the prospects for a sustainable peace that can symbolize the inclusive participation of various groups in power. Both the United States and Iran have shown a keen interest in this region, especially Iraq. Consequently, both countries have endeavored to establish influence in Iraq. Twenty years after the fall of Saddam Hussein, a suitable opportunity presents itself to evaluate state-building strategies in Iraq. Post-Saddam Iraq has been a stage for various actors involved in the state-building project. This article aims to conduct a comparative scientific evaluation of the strategies employed by Iran and the United States. The central question addressed in this study is how Iran and the United States have approached state-building in post-Saddam Iraq and what outcomes have ensued from their respective actions. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the findings of this study reveal that the United States, disregarding the complexities of Iraqi society and leveraging military force, has pursued a top-down or waterfall approach to state-building, resulting in unforeseen consequences. In contrast, the Islamic Republic of Iran, with a thorough understanding of Iraqi society and strong ties to Shia groups, has successfully implemented a more effective bottom-up or base-diffusion model of state-building. Ultimately, the outcomes of Iran's and the United States' state-building efforts in Iraq are comparatively assessed.