Iranians

The land of India has been the cradle of different religions and beliefs since the distant past, the religion of Islam opened its way to the land of India shortly after reaching Iraq and Iran. But due to the special conditions of India, it entered this land in different ways and the process of Islamization lasted for several centuries. The purpose of this article is to study and investigate the reasons for the diversity of species and forms of Islam's entry into India. In accordance with such a goal, the present article tries to answer the question why Islam entered India in various forms such as the Islam of conquerors, the Islam of merchants, Sufi Islam, etc. The findings of the research show that the vastness of the land, the ancient civilization of India, the diverse and numerous religious structure, and a spirit of tolerance towards other religions and ideas were among the factors that facilitated the entry of Islam into this land in various forms. And it established a special type of Islamization for this land, which is rare in other places where Islam entered. The research method in this article is based on the descriptive-analytical method and collecting information in that library method.

With the expansion of migration flows in recent decades, one of the major challenges facing host societies is shaping public attitudes toward international migrants and patterns of interaction with them. This study examines the attitudes of Iranian citizens toward international migrants and the factors that influence these attitudes.To this end, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey, implemented in Iran in 2020, based on a sample of 1,499 respondents. More recent data on attitudes toward migrants are not collected in any national surveys; therefore, up-to-date information is unavailable, and we relied on the 2020 survey.The findings indicate that 25.5% of respondents hold negative attitudes toward migrants, while 17% express positive attitudes. Analyses show that materialist values, social trust, and exposure to mass and digital media are significantly associated with more favorable attitudes toward migrants. Conversely, feelings of social insecurity and a high sense of Iranian national identity are linked to more negative attitudes. Path analysis further reveals that social trust has the strongest effect on the formation of positive attitudes toward migrants.Accordingly, strengthening social capital, reducing perceptions of insecurity through public education, and promoting positive narratives about migrants in the media can contribute to improving societal attitudes. This is particularly important given the anticipated rise in migration flows in the coming years.