Political theology

In both theory and practice, political participation is considered to be one of the most significant political challenges. The Qur'an is the main religious source that makes it possible for political explanations to be given in respect of such issues. This study aims to formulate the types of political participation in an illegitimate political system in order to identify acceptable types in the light of the teachings of the Qur'an. The hypothesis of this research, carried out with the method of thematic interpretation, is that from the Qur'anic perspective, in an illegitimate political system, diverse types of positive and negative participation are authorised, depending on the circumstances, from participation in power structures to conflicting with the aim of reducing or eliminating oppression. In this regard, seven types of positive and negative political participation in an illegitimate political system have been identified in the Qur'an; positive political participation such as criticism and objection, guidance through dialogue and debate, and participation through <em>taqīyah</em> (religious dissimulation); negative political participation such as non-cooperation, civil disobedience, declaration of aversion, and struggle and overthrow. Based on this, the article concludes that according to the Qur'an, various types of positive and negative political participation are permissible in confronting an illegitimate political system. The Qur'an describes the behavior of the prophets and Qur'anic figures in the confrontation with an illegitimate system as a wide range of minimal to maximal participation with the aim of eliminating oppression.

Mohammadreza Hakimi is one of the contemporary Shia thinkers who is in the continuation of the "Tafkik School". Tafkik School as a stream originating from the Shia Islam, is theologically based on special foundations that can be influential in the political; That is, it is something that can be traced to the field of "political theology". Theology is a knowledge that seeks to explain God's relationship with the universe, especially humans. But political theology seeks to find the theological foundations of the political; That is, it examines how the political is articulated according to the way of looking at God's relationship with man and the world. Different religions can have their own political theology according to the way they explain this relationship. The present article seeks to answer the question that what formulation of the political is represented by Mohammadreza Hakimi's interpretation of the theological foundations of Shia? In line with the answer, first the relationship between God and man is depicted in the Shiite approach. Because of His grace, God sends prophets to guide man to the ultimate goal of the creation. These prophets actually provide the correct model of human life to achieve the goal. In this approach, after the death of the Prophet, it is the Imam who continues the model of guidance. In addition to receiving and delivering revelation, he has other roles of the prophet, including political and social leadership. During the period of the Major Occultation, the Imam's deputy is someone whose rule is similar to his rule; It means government based on justice, especially on social justice.