Shrine of Imam Reza (AS)

INTRODUCTION: Behavioural patterns of the people can affect the emergency evacuation procedure. The most important issue of crisis management is to evacuate the people from the accident site in the shortest time and with the maximum speed. Pilgrimage destinations attract many pilgrims on religious occasions, and this has highlighted the importance of addressing this issue in these centers. This study aimed to explain and propose an evacuation exit plan for pilgrims during accidents in the most important and prominent religious center of Iran (Shrine of Imam Reza). METHODS: This descriptive-analytical study was performed using an applied research method. The document-library and field methods were used to collect data. The statistical population includes the managers of the Shrine complex, experts of the crisis management headquarters, consulting engineers in architecture and urban planning, as well as managers and experts in Mashhad Municipality. The sample size was estimated to be 384 cases based on Cochran's formula. The collected data via questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS and Smart PLS software using structural equation modelling. FINDINGS: According to the results, the presented model includes seven variables (group movement, individual movement, incident management technology tools, perception of the physical environment, physical movement, modelling, and behavioral culture) affecting the pilgrims leaving the incident site in the Shrine of Imam Reza. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that the presented model with 7 variables and 21 parameters can be used as a suitable model in other places.

Decorative motifs have evolved significantly in the architecture of the Islamic era in terms of form, s tructure, aes thetic, and doctrinal principles and represent the beliefs of the people in that era. In this s tudy, an attempt has been made to provide a new possibility for a deeper analysis of common animal motifs in the Islamic periods of Safavid and Qajar with an intertextuality approach (with the help of logical reasoning and the Delphi method) to perceive decorative motifs. Therefore, the intertextuality relations between the motifs of the two his torical tombs of the Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili complex (Safavid period) and the holy shrine Imam Reza (AS) (Qajar period) were analyzed. According to the findings, the animal motifs identified with intertextual relations included peacock (11 cases), cow (2 cases), pheasant (16 cases), duck (1 case), and dragon (16 cases). In all the motifs of the buildings, the pretext type was of the exclusive type, and the hypertext type was of the transformation type. In addition, in peacock, pheasant, and dragon motifs, the larges t number of additional subs titution, subs titution, and subs titutional -ellipsis types were observed, respectively. It seems that in selected buildings of the Safavid and Qajar periods, the change in the colors of animal motifs is more evident than in other dimensions of intertextuality. This change has had an impact on the spiritual and mys tical content of the motifs, and somehow, in addition to the mys tical and spiritual content, attention to material aspects (increase in wealth and abundance of blessings) has been considered in the use of various colors.