teenage

Researchers have always been concerned with innovative approaches to facilitate the learning process for language learners. One of the facilitating strategies is guided discovery learning, which can help learners to develop their critical and analytical thinking skills. Hence, the present study is an attempt to discover the effects of guided discovery learning on the development of teenage and adult learners’ syntactic structures. The participants of this study were 34 male EFL Iranian learners in Iranmehr Language Institute, Aleshtar, Lorestan province, Iran. The participants were divided into two experimental groups based on their age (12 to 18 as teenagers, and 18 to 30 as adults). First, the Longman proficiency test was given to the participants to measure their language ability. After that, a pre-test was given to the students regarding syntactic structures before the treatment. Then, every two weeks a post-test was given to the students to assess their gradual development. One immediate and two delayed post-tests were given to the students. In this study, paired and independent samples t-tests were used to compare the development of syntactic structures in the studied groups. The results of this study showed that both groups (teenagers and adults) made an improvement but adults improved more significantly than teenagers. The findings of the study contributed to the practical employment of guided discovery learning as an effective teaching methodology, especially for adults in the process of language learning

Background: The physical fitness is essential for wrestlers to perform successfully. The Tabata Protocol can be appropriate to develop these physical qualities.Aim: This study aims to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training using “Tabata  protocol” on the physical fitness of teenage wrestlers.Material and Methods: 16 participants were randomly assigned to two groups of Tabata training (n=8) and the control group (n=8). All mentioned variables were measured before and after 4 weeks of the intervention. Tabata training group performed Tabata protocol in 2- 3 sets of 8 exercises with 20 sec of training and 10 sec of rest. The control group kept up their normal training routine during the same time. Physical fitness components were measured. The collected data were statistically analyzed by an independent t-test at a significance level of P>0.05.Results: Wrestlers in both groups significantly increased physical fitness components except flexibility (P<0.05). Tabata training was significantly more efficient in endurance of core muscle (P= 0.019, ES= 0.490) and upper body strength (P= 0.001, ES= 0.490) than control group (P<0.05). Also, results showed that for leg explosive power, only Tabata training had a positive effect (P= 0.026, ES=0.541).Conclusions: Our results suggest that wrestlers after Tabata protocol interventions can obtain better physical fitness, and event time benefits with more efficient performance and time-efficient manner compared with control group.