Kerman

Leadership is a combination of managerial attitudes and behaviors that directly influence indi-vidual and organizational performance. This study aimed to design a model of the antecedents and consequences of leadership in the National Gas Company of Iran. Using a mixed-methods approach, the qualitative phase involved 18 experts with extensive academic and professional experience, including university lecturers and senior managers in organizational behavior and human resource management. The quantitative phase included 265 employees from the Kerman Gas Company, selected via stratified sampling. Data were collected through document reviews, expert interviews, and structured questionnaires. Analyses employed thematic analysis, structur-al-interpretive modeling, and structural equation modeling using NVIVO, SPSS, and Smart-PLS software. The findings identified 82 primary codes, 21 basic themes, and 8 organizing themes, encompassing factors such as participatory decision-making, internal (individual) influences, emphasis on organizational values, talent management, transparency in communication, em-ployee retention, organizational productivity and growth, and organizational justice. Structural equation modeling demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's alpha > 0.7), favorable composite reliability, and strong convergent and divergent validity. The model's fit was validated, with par-ticipatory management identified as the primary driving force in enhancing organizational stabil-ity and performance. This study provides practical insights into the implementation of effective leadership practices, offering a framework to improve decision-making, foster employee en-gagement, and enhance organizational outcomes. The findings serve as a strategic tool for man-agers to promote a culture of inclusivity, transparency, and growth within the National Gas Company.

Based on conducted studies, lighting in Iranian architecture is one of the fundamental and essential features, with skylights playing a crucial role as a primary architectural element. Architecture in different regions is adjusted according to climatic conditions to maximize comfort while also considering the use of local materials. Given this, the design and placement of lighting elements can vary based on geographic location. The aim of this research is to examine the skylights in Qajar-era houses in Kerman and to explore the relationship between climate and regional architecture, considering both lighting and temperature factors simultaneously. Thus, the research questions are as follows: What are the characteristics of the windows in the historical houses of Kerman? Was natural light considered a key element in Kerman’s houses? Were the variety of windows in these historical homes adjusted based on climatic conditions? To achieve this goal, we studied four Qajar-era houses in Kerman: Azimi House, Kazemi House, Dinyar House, and Vaziri House. The research method is applied in nature and employs a descriptive and correlational approach for data collection, utilizing both field studies and library resources. By measuring the skylights and analyzing their design and positioning, we concluded that in desert regions, skylights are designed with small dimensions and colored glass to not only prevent direct sunlight but also regulate the lighting of the space. Additionally, these skylights are placed one meter above the floor and with a depth of less than 10 meters, providing both aesthetic appeal and environmental comfort.