Economy

The public considers sociopolitical revolutions and movements as phenomena that occur suddenly and unpredictably. Still, these phenomena carry historical content and stem from sophisticated sociopolitical, cultural, and economic factors in the view of political scientists. Such a view provides the context in which sociopolitical revolutions and movements are analyzed, not in a single cause, but based on a diverse range of factors, to investigate the consequences. In this situation, the factors affecting the formation of sociopolitical phenomena are investigated at the level of structural analysis. The structural look at the factors influencing the formation of sociopolitical revolutions allows the researcher to explain the various fields affecting revolutions, and by examining the role of political agents in the creation of political structures and their impact on structures offers multi-factor analysis. Therefore, what is essential in this study is to look at those structural factors that have hidden in political, economic, cultural, and even historical contexts. Hence, they need to compare with political agents. Still, the setting for entering such a look gives through a review of historical data that, with a historical sequence resulted in political events that took place in the Tunisian revolution in 2011. The present study aimed to investigate the structures that had an impact on the Jasmine revolution as well as the agency of Tunisian people. Our analysis demonstrates that the Tunisian revolution in 2011 took place based on the interaction of structure and agency. Political, economic, cultural, and religious structures provided the context for the agency of Tunisians. They were searching for dignity that had been ignored during the last decades and resulted in the Jasmine revolution.

The topic of bartering in psychotherapy is intriguing, especially in this day and age. The current ongoing events could invoke economic turmoil or a new monetary system that could call for an improvisation towards the medium of exchange in counseling and psychotherapy. The bartering system seems to be an ideal alternative, especially during times of economic uncertainty. This paper will further discuss the history of money and its progress, how the psychology field is addressing the barter system and professional recommendations for the bartering system in counseling and psychotherapy. Article number: 1

Emphasis on the importance of social-political fabric and its effect on the urbanization and economic system that are aspects of urbanization life is one of the necessities during the Achaemenid Period. This study was conducted based on the deductive-inductive method. First, written sources (clay inscription of Persepolis and classic authors) have been used to achieve general information about the social-political fabric of Fars during Achaemenid Period then archeological evidence remained from the economic system of Achaemenid period in Central Fars was analyzed within this framework. No coin, including Shahi or so-called Satrapy, has been discovered from archaeological excavations in Iran, even. It seems that Achaemenid Empire had no plan for monetary economic development, and coin promotion and use in transactions despite its wide territory and regular discipline. On the contrary, it seems that Darius and his successors considered coin as a political instrument used to convey and show the message of the political and military power of the Achaemenid king at that ear not as a tool for the economic system. Therefore, studies focused on clay inscriptions of Persepolis and evaluated works of authors indicate that the sociopolitical fabric of Iranian society, especially Fars has been traditional and based on agriculture and husbandry during Achaemenid Era. As we know, the city was not shaped during the Achaemenid period despite the presence of urban structures, such as social sophistication, specialism, and the modern administrative system of the ear; therefore, coin use was not institutionalized in the economy of that era.

The constant economic inflation worries our society, especially our government, as the citizens pressured them. Not to mention how the price influx in the market causes employers to find alternative routes to keep their business alive. Throughout the century, the effect of the free-market economy has been debated. Free market systems build on the principle of no intervention from the government. Will zero government help the market economy, and will the concept of freedom in the free market give justice to the employer and employee? Through doctrinal research, this paper aims to study the relationship between the free market and the employment contract based on social justice theory. As a result, this paper tracked down primary and secondary sources from journal archives and online databases related to employment contracts. International philosophers and judicial views also examined Malaysian legal perspectives on social justice and employment contracts. This paper uses empirical research to discuss the effects of the market system on social justice in employment contracts. The main findings are the following: (1) a free-market system is a system that enables a firm to market its products in a way that does not interfere with one's economic freedom; (2) the exploitation of cheap labor has become one of the main strategies for businesses to maximize advantages; (3) the vulnerability of workers from economic theory demands employers to pay decent wages in exchange for labor demand; and (4) the social injustice issues that have arisen due to this liberalization

The caused rapid spread of the Coronavirus, or Covid-19, has a pandemic with effects beyond health-related issues. Scientists a referred to this "total as social reality," event profoundly as it has changed our daily lives and behavior, and has had, will continue to have, far-reaching economic and political impacts. This article seeks to show how the Corona epidemic has affected neoliberalism, which has become one of the dominant discourses of international relations and governments since the 1980s. Library sources and analytical-descriptive method were used to conduct this research. The results of this article show that the Corona pandemic has revealed the moral vacuum and economic failures at the heart of the neoliberalism-based "development" model that has dominated global economic relations since the 1980s. Rather than putting politics and economics at the service of citizens, neoliberalism has forced workers to serve the needs of the market. At the same time, neoliberalism has discriminated public services, especially health care, against in the face of the coronavirus challenge

Urban farms can have the potential to have a great impact on the stability of crowded cities. The purpose of the present study is discovering the effective design-based components in developing urban agriculture in the viewpoint of Tehran’s urban managers. It is assumed that the design-based development of urban agriculture improves economic conditions and also food security for Tehran’s citizens. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in this research. In the qualitative section of the research, analysis of the influential factors was carried out. Then in order to assess the credibility of the obtained data and obtaining the opinions of the managers, the Delphi method was used. Afterwards, their opinions were gauged and categorized using Shannon’s Entropy. The statistical population in this study consisted of 71 city managers and the consultants on designing city spaces who had over 10 years of experience on the job. Quantitative analysis of the data was carried out using the SPSS 22 statistical software. The results showed that establishing and developing design-based urban farming could lead to elevated qualities of environment, food security and economic well-being more than any other factor.

Rural tourism is considered as one of the important parts of the economic activities. This important economic activity in the different views has been taken into consideration. Some know it as a part of the tourism market and some consider it as a policy for rural development. Rural tourism quickly grew in the rural economic and has been the complementary of agricultural activities. The nature of the tourism industry is, create employment, income, diversification, economic, increase of cultural level, community participation and use of local resources. Development of tourism in rural areas, in addition to diversifying the economy and developing its infrastructure, can be a step towards sustainable development in rural areas and social justice by creating jobs, and reverse migration. In general, supporting the village pristine tourist areas and rural tourism, cause to create different and good employment opportunities, increase of national income, the promotion of social welfare and the development of sustainable tourism in rural areas. Rural tourism through influence and effect on all aspects of rural life, leads to grow them both in terms of economic and socio-cultural. This study investigates the efficacy of wooden cottages in attraction of tourism in the city of Masal. A tourism model that has been used in this study, is taking advantage of Gibz- Martin method, the obtained results of the regression analysis of this study indicate that among the several factors of tourism attraction in this region, wooden cottages are known as one of the best resorts of tourism attraction. Studies are conducted in four villages of Masal that Hoome village with 200 wooden cottages and 5000 tourism with amount of 0.85 has the maximum amount of tourism in the region and also wooden cottages are known as a way to attract tourism in the region.