Lakoff

Unlike Aristotle, Lakoff considers metaphor as an integral part of the process of human thinking and believes that humans often automatically and unconsciously learn and use a wide range of conceptual metaphors. A large part of our scientific and philosophical literature is full of conceptual metaphors. According to Lakoff, like other abstract concepts, causation is made of a small literal part which is extended by various kinds of conceptual metaphors in several directions. The current paper shows that a large part of the metaphors introduced by Lakoff, has been used by Muslim philosophers to describe causation. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Mulla Sadra are two of the most significant Islamic philosophers. According to Ibn Sina, causation is based on ‘Causation is Transfer of Possessions’ metaphor. This metaphor depicts causation as a three-component relation in which the boundaries are very strong and sharp. According to Mulla Sadra, causation is based on ‘Causation is Motion out’ metaphor. This metaphor makes causation to have two components and decreases the strength of boundaries between the components of the relation.

 Although Michel  Foucault (1926 - 1984) emphasizes that the dominant paradigm of the renaissance era is based on resemblance and analogy, contrary to Foucault's view, metaphorical thinking and analogy is not merely dominant in the pre-modern society, but is also active in the modern and contemporary era, and according to the cognitive theory, it exists in the human being's whole life. The present research aims to investigate the relationship between socio-space metaphors in Foucault's thought. By studying Foucault's works and applying the metaphor identification procedure model, his main metaphors were extracted and analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. Based on Foucault and Derrida’s theories power is the determining metaphor and has a linguistic character, other metaphors are a function of the metaphor of power. They believe in metaphorical form Power and knowledge are the same. Further, power creates knowledge and controls it spatially and has a great share in its reproduction and chain circulation. Most of Foucault's metaphors of space, such as situation, displacement, place, context, realm, sphere, the horizon, archipelago, land, and landscape, have a military background and are intertwined with power. Foucault likened the modern world to Jeremy Bentham's panopticon power. Foucault's panopticon architecture metaphor is location-based and social one. In other words, he has embodied or objectified the modern world as a disciplinary field or society. The results show that based on Lakoff and Johnson's theory, Foucault has used the metaphors of architecture as well as the panopticon as a source domain to explain the target domain (modern society).