Islamic philosophers

The relationship between light and philosophy is one of the oldest issues in the scope of epistemology. In philosophy, presence of light has been manifested as the mystic- philosopher intuition and specific ontological model. The Islamic philosophers have emphasized the divine nature of light. The western philosophers have stressed on the centrality of rationalism besides metaphysical source of knowledge of the universe concurrent with divine reason that manifested in the presence of light. The research method was based on analysis of the philosophical texts of the western and eastern philosophers. The research statistical sample was chosen by analysis of the contents of the opinions of thirty five western philosophers and thirty two Islamic philosophers. The most common components with philosophical nature were three components of divine nature, active intellect and beauty. Two components of divine light manifestation and truth in the western philosophers’ opinions and three components of cognition, necessary being and reveled intellect had the most philosophical nature on the light in the Islamic philosophers’ opinions.

Good governance and efficiency have long been important and central topics in philosophical and political discussions around the world. This study examined philosophical theories related to good and efficient governance, as well as their importance in government structure and performance. Among Western philosophers Plato in his book considers good governance as a government based on justice and the common good, while Aristotle considers it based on good people and citizens. On the other hand, Islamic philosophers such as Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi consider justice to be the basis of government, and Al-Farabi likens good government to the utopian city. This study shows that philosophical concepts in good governance should go beyond abstract theories and be effectively implemented at executive levels. In particular, the emphasis on justice and fairness, freedom and authority, equality and equity in good governance are considered as fundamental pillars in resource management and fair distribution in order to achieve social welfare and democracy. Ultimately, good and efficient governance not only contributes to justice but also to strengthening the relationship between the government and citizens a well as promoting social capabilities to achieve a dynamic and stable government.