political crisis

More than five years down the line Venezuela had been slipping into an economic cri-sis. An economy wholly dependent on the sale of oil and no diversification of economic production is sure to face such a crisis. The fluctuation in oil prices is sure to hurt the market and the economy. To make matters worse, Venezuela now faces a political crisis with two individuals claiming themselves to be Presidents, Maduro and Guaidó. On the top of that, the current regime is alleged of massive corruption and an anti-democratic stance. There is always repression and suppression of democratic voices and protestors face persecution and human rights abuses. Such precarious condition of Venezuela eco-nomically and politically makes it vulnerable to external players may be private oil companies or even extra-regional States/powers. The paper will focus on the economic and political crisis in Venezuela. It will also point out at its fall out in the form of a hu-manitarian crisis and its impact on the neighboring countries of Latin America. As Ve-nezuela is caught between the politics of big powers, the solution becomes more prob-lematic and the paper will make an attempt to project that.

One of the important and fundamental issues that can be raised and used as an effective management model for officials and managers of today's society is to identify and explain the strategic management and strategic thinking of Imam Khomeini during the imposed war. To this end, this study seeks to answer the fundamental question of what are the important managerial characteristics in the Imam's biography and behavior during the imposed war? The research claim emphasizes that Imam Khomeini's managerial characteristics were based on his personal and organizational behavior and behavior based on Islamic values. Also, the purpose of research is to design and explain an efficient model of Imam Khomeini's management strategies and model its behavior for the country's managers. The research findings also show that Imam Khomeini's leadership and management model in the imposed war can be identified and explained in a combined way based on three levels: individual (personality), behavioral and organizational. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of extracting information data will be documentary and library.The research findings also show that Imam Khomeini's leadership and management model in the imposed war can be identified and explained in a combined way based on three levels: individual (personality), behavioral and organizational. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of extracting information data will be documentary and library.

high vulnerability of these infrastructures raise the question of what effects the demolition of these infrastructures would have. Natural disaster management is entirely dependent on the capacity and efficiency of the central government in Iran and the government also mobilizes and organizes crisis management and resources through an almost monopoly and exclusively controlled information system. Therefore, the present study was accomplished to examine some of the likely impacts and consequences of an earthquake in Tehran from a prospective perspective. METHODS: Using documentary data and the implementation of a two-round expert panel, it was examined whether the demolition of information infrastructures due to a potential earthquake in Tehran would impose efficacy and influence crises on the government. In this way, basic study information was collected using library documents and the futurological aspects of the problem, i.e. the probability of a severe earthquake, destruction of media infrastructure, and the subsequent possible crises were investigated using the Expert panel method. FINDINGS: Taking into account the tectonic potentials and historical backgrounds, the occurrence of a major earthquake with magnitude greater than 7 is highly probable in Tehran. Given the density of information structures, installations, and trusted organizations in vulnerable areas, there is a high likelihood of destruction of a large part of the information infrastructure and networks. This situation, in the absence of measures and sufficient alternative networks, would increase the likelihood of severe disruptions in the information and crisis management process. Such a situation, given the social and political contexts, is likely to trigger or intensify the efficacy and influence crises. CONCLUSION: Considering the drawbacks present in the information structure, i.e. the concentration in Tehran and the imminent destructive earthquake in Tehran, as well as the location of its physical buildings in the vicinity of earthquake faults, there would be many crises facing the country.

Since its establishment, the Islamic Republic of Iran has faced various political challenges. In some instances, certain crises appeared sufficient to topple the regime, yet through crisis management by Iran''''''''s leaders, conditions eventually led to the stabilization of the revolution. The present study aims to explore the methods of the Supreme Leader and the model for addressing the political challenges of the Islamic Republic. The main research question is: ‘Does the Supreme Leader have a comprehensive model for managing political crises?’ To this aim was used qualitative-descriptive method, employing document analysis and targeted sampling through interviews with experts. Content analysis of these interviews has also been conducted to identify the components of the research. Results: The study of methods and actions within the framework of crisis leadership was conducted based on indicators of control, mobilization, spiritual influence, and informed management of events. After interviews with experts, the findings were categorized into four levels: Preventive measures and challenge identification, decision-making, confrontation and management of challenges and crises, shaping awareness and conceptualization, learning, and delineating crisis lessons. Key components include: Macro-level policymaking, information assessment and awareness, management of destabilizing events, decisive confrontation with crisis-inducing factors and conditions, leadership of public opinion, clarification of citizens’ and institutions’ responsibilities, utilization of the spiritual influence of the Supreme Leader, discourse formation, conceptualization, education, foresight, and further elaboration.