مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه

Ideology


۱.

The Representation of Social Actors In Interchange Third Edition Series: A Critical Discourse Analysis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: آموزش مهارت های زبان (JTLS) بهار ۱۳۸۹ شماره ۱ (پیاپی ۵۹)

کلیدواژه‌ها: Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Ideology Representation Social Actors

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۸۶۴ تعداد دانلود : ۶۳۷
This study takes a critical discourse analysis approach to investigate the linguistic representation of male and female social actors and construction of gender identities in the Interchange Third Edition. The analytical models used are van Leeuwen's (1996) framework and Halliday's transitivity model (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). The findings of this study indicated a differential representation of social actors in that females were portrayed as more prominent, successful, active, independent, expressive and assertive in comparison with males. Generally, it seems that attempts have been made to bring women from margin to the foreground. Moreover, females are associated with high status activities. This challenges traditional values that exclude and demean the value of women in society implying that women are as crucial as men to the community's function.
۲.

An Analysis of the Ideological Content of Internationally-Developed British and American ELT Textbooks(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: آموزش مهارت های زبان (JTLS) تابستان ۱۳۸۹ شماره ۲ (پیاپی ۶۰)

کلیدواژه‌ها: Critical discourse analysis Ideology ELT Linguistic Imperialism Textbook

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۱۳۶ تعداد دانلود : ۵۰۴
This study examines the ideological content of six internationally-used ELT textbooks, three British and three American. Applying the theory and procedures of critical discourse analysis (CDA), three aspects of the conversations in the textbooks, i.e. content, relations, and positions were examined. Results suggest that in terms of content, British textbooks tend to entertain the students while American textbooks include more occupational and business-related issues. Regarding relations, characters in the conversations were placed in socially equal roles. Moreover, inequalities were rarely addressed in the interactions and there was little attempt to make learners aware of issues such as dialogue management strategies. Finally, characters in the conversations took mostly societal positions.
۳.

Gender Representation in Interchange (Third Edition) Series: A Social Semiotics Analysis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: زبان شناسی کاربردی دوره هجدهم پاییز و زمستان ۱۳۹۴ شماره ۲

کلیدواژه‌ها: Ideology Gender representation Image analysis Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) social semiotics Interchange (Third Edition) series

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۱۴۳ تعداد دانلود : ۸۵۹
Gender representation has long been studied in both verbal and visual modes of ELT textbooks. However, regarding the visual mode, research has mainly focused on superficial analyses of how often each gender appears in different roles rather than on how the two genders are represented. The tools proposed in Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) social semiotics framework, however, permit deep analysis of images taking into consideration how pictorial elements are shown both alone and in relation to other pictorial elements, on the one hand, and the viewers on the other. Following the above-mentioned framework, the present study applied the three dimensions of representational, compositional and interactive meaning presented to 16 photographs randomly selected from the Interchange (Third Edition) series (Richards, 2005) to explore gender portrayals and disclose ideologies in the visual mode of the series. Qualitative data analysis showed some ideologies and stereotypical portrayals, each of which appeared either in one or a few photographs. Taken together, the findings indicated gender bias in favor of men in the series
۴.

A Psychological Study of Roots of Religious Violence in the Middle East

نویسنده:
منبع: اندیشه سیاسی در اسلام تابستان ۱۳۹۵ شماره ۸

کلیدواژه‌ها: Personality Ideology Religious violence Ibn Timiyya takfir psychology

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۷۷۱ تعداد دانلود : ۴۴۵
Today, the Middle East is in the grip of religious violence, causing the death of thousands and displacement of millions of the people of this region. To find the roots of religious violence, which has practically paralyzed lives of millions, it is necessary to study it through an interdisciplinary approach. Religious violence involves many individual and collective aspects; psychology, personality, ideology and sociopolitical milieu in which an individual is raised. Attempts have been made in this paper to study the psychological roots of religious violence in the Middle East to shed light on some of its aspects. The main question of this research is: What are the psychological roots of violence in the Middle East? The hypothesis of this paper is that biologically influenced dispositions as well as environmental forces (family, schooling and sociopolitical conditions) molded the personality of Ibn Timiyya, which in turn shaped his ideology (Salafism with excommunication as its central signifier) that heavily influenced the violent movements in the Middle East. Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s discourse analysis was used to study the hypothesis. The findings show that Ibn Timiyya’s ideology, with takfir as its central signifier, the sociopolitical environment of the Middle East and personality of takfiris are the roots of religious violence in the Middle East.
۵.

The Lyrical Sensibility in English Nature Writing: An Appraisal Analysis(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۶ , N. ۱ , ۲۰۱۷

کلیدواژه‌ها: Discourse Ideology Appraisal Analysis Ecolinguistics Ecology Nature Writing

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۳۵۶ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۲۰
Abstract: This study explores emotive language in lyrical nature writing from the perspective of ecolinguistics in four nature textbooks. In fact, embodied mind style is explored by considering emotive language as a linguistic phenomenon that can inject into the readers' minds the sensorial, emotional, and psychological experiences of the lyricist. The interrogation of emotive language is based on Attitude subsystem of Appraisal Analysis, which consists of Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation (Martin & White, 2005). The analyses of the linguistic portrayal of Affect -based on the modified Affect system sub-categories, including Un/Happiness, Dis/Satisfaction, In/Security, Dis/Inclination, and Surprise -revealed the prevalence of Insecurity in the textbooks by contemporary nature writers and Happiness in the textbooks by their predecessors. Moreover, the Judgement and Appreciation analyses suggest that moral sentiment and aesthetic emotion are indispensable parts of lyrical nature writing that can awaken humility and sympathy in the minds and hearts of the readers.
۶.

Subjectivity Construction through Familial Discourse Represented in Film: A Case Study of Alyosha’s Identity in Andrey Zvyagintsev’s Loveless(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Critical Literary Studies, Vol ۱, No ۲, Spring and Summer ۲۰۱۹ 73 - 97

کلیدواژه‌ها: The Unconscious language Family subjectivity Ideology Other

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۹۴ تعداد دانلود : ۴۶۱
This paper aims to study the process of identity shaping of a teenager in a family from the perspective of Subjectivity theories. The process of identity formation has been one of the main concerns for various critical approaches in human sciences in general, and the psychoanalytical and Marxist approaches in particular. The case study of the present research is the character of Alyosha from Andrey Zvyagintsev’s film, Loveless (2017). Since there is no particular theory for the contentual analysis of Film, critics in the analysis of the films’ content, take advantage of various literary, sociological and psychoanalysis theories. Therefore, the Conceptual Framework of the present study concentrates on the critical approaches of Structural psychoanalysis and Structural Marxism; particularly definitions of the Unconscious, Repressed Desire, the Name of the Father by Lacan, the Ideology, ISAs, RSAs by Althusser, and the Žižekian concept of Lack of Language. This investigation in the process of identity formation can play a significant role in demonstrating the covert motives of the character’s suicidal act. It will illustrate the way Alyosha as a subject inherits his parents’ repressed desires and lack of language caused by ideology. The application of considering concepts indicates the central role and inevitable impact of the familial discourse at the emergence of subjectivity within the family.
۷.

The political aspects of positivist ELT research articles(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: English Language Teaching and Learning. No. ۲۴, Fall & Winter ۲۰۱۹ 155-176

کلیدواژه‌ها: Research Articles critique practical argument Ideology positivist implications normative

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۷۱ تعداد دانلود : ۳۷۵
Despite appealing notion of research based language teaching, we argue that scientific way of conducting research on English language teaching (ELT) is problematic since it ignores language learners’ subjectivity, instructors’ professionalism, practitioners’ culture and learning particularity. Positivists pedagogical arguments neglect the social nature of meaning making instructional practices and emphasize objectivity and measurability criteria which lead to instrumental rationality. A critical discourse analysis of practical arguments proposed in pedagogical implications section of empiricist research articles revealed that positivists assumptions manifest themselves as the rules and regulations of carrying out scientific research. These yardsticks give power to the neoliberal tendencies to present reasons as premises of arguments to restrict and control the agency of ELT teachers as well as to deprofessionalize them. Since there is a close affinity between this paradigm world views and neoliberal policies, positivists research articles lead to the domination of neoliberalism on TEFL discourse. This indicates the ideological function of the article genre and awareness of that is crucial for the sake of democratic and fair education.
۸.

The Hell in Paradise: Revisiting British Development in George Bernard Shaw’s Widower’s House(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Critical Literary Studies, Vol ۲, No ۱, Autumn and Winter ۲۰۱۹-۲۰۲۰ 213 - 228

کلیدواژه‌ها: Power Relations Discourse Ideology Modernity in Britain Widower’s House New Historicism

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۸۰ تعداد دانلود : ۲۷۹
Nineteenth-century Britain, also known as the Victorian Britain, was the age of prosperity, advancement, the dominance of the British Empire, liberality, and enhancements in diverse social grounds. Through the light of New Historicist approach, the present study comes to critically question the idealism of the Victorian era and particularly that of the 1880s. Through exploring George Bernard Shaw’s Widower’s House it is intended to provide an illuminating understanding of the different aspects of the Victorian England. Focusing on the works of literature, New Historicist critical stadnpoint brings about less subjective views towards the past and a clearer view of all incidents. The present study seeks to demonstrate that England, and more specifically London as the centre of the nineteenth-century world, was not the suggested paradise described in newspapers but rather a city in which poverty enslaved people and suffocated them in dreadful houses built around the city without having basic facilities. Sartorious in Widowers’ Houses , as a brutal slum landlord who keeps his tenants in such a dreadful condition, represents the owners of such indecent houses which have been rented to poor classes of society. This research lastly demonstrates the controversy of the state of the city suggested by authorities and the true state suggested by the author. 
۹.

Shari‘ati and the (Elusive) Quest for a Just Order(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۲۱, Issue ۱ (۲۰۱۴) 23-43
تعداد بازدید : ۱۹۵ تعداد دانلود : ۱۷۴
Ali Shariati was undoubtedly among the most important of the prerevolutionary Islamist thinker particularly insofar as he made Islam a politically respectable force for many young men and women in Iran's traditional middle classes. Shariati was novel for the time in terms of his education and intellectual influences. The clear attraction of ideology for Shariati is that he believes by means of it man is endowed with the capacity to transform the world around him. The current paper tries to explore the manner in which Shariati carried out his highly politicized reading of Islam, assigning centrality to the notion of a just order. Author argues that Shariati's quest for a just order is more important than the order itself.
۱۰.

The Relationship between Discursive Structures and Ideology in Press Texts(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۲۲, Issue ۱ (۲۰۱۵) 29-52
تعداد بازدید : ۴۱۹ تعداد دانلود : ۲۵۵
Through uncovering the underlying elements of language, this research aims to reveal the hidden layers of meaning in press texts in the framework of a critical discourse analysis. Having used socio-semantic features of Van Leeuwen's model (1996), this paper has studied, qualitatively, 40 issues of four Iranian Persian publications for a period of two months, from July 22 to September 21, 2011. These publications were 'E'temad', 'Sharq', Resalat' and Keyhan. The analyses included recognizing discursive structures in the texts, determining the linguistic realizations of structures, and explaining along with uncovering the hidden layers of meaning and the ideology behind the texts. The research results out of the data analysis indicate that the ideology dominating the minds of writers and groups is reflected in the texts using discursive features as exclusion, activation, passivation, personalization and impersonalization. Exclusion has been the most frequently used feature in 'E'temad and 'Sharq', whereas activation has had the highest frequency of occurrences in 'Resalat' and 'Keyhan'. The discursive structures take place using linguistic instruments like pre-modifiers, active vs. passive structures, coordination and circumstantials, in the texts. Besides, the relationship between discursive structures and ideology is dialectal, which can be determined by studying these structures in the texts and social institutions.
۱۱.

Translation and Ideology: When Faithfulness Becomes a Luxury in Translation

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۱, Issue ۲, Summer ۲۰۱۳ 23 - 33

کلیدواژه‌ها: Translation Ideology manipulation culture Politics

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۹۷ تعداد دانلود : ۲۱۹
Every discourse, written or oral, is the conveyer of some hidden agenda of the producer, most importantly in such genres of speech as journalism, politics, propaganda, and advertisements. Given the role of translation in discourse, a difference exists between when the translator carries the ideological values of the elite in contrast with one with patriotic preferences. In this study a comparison was made between translation products resulting from the work of 15 postgraduates of translation studies viewed as freelancers and another published product carrying the elite’s ideology whose works appeared in published in the state media. The results of our comparisons, both qualitative and quantitative showed that there existed two types of difference: the ideology of the elite on the one hand, and the preferred culture related valuesof the freelancers on the other. The differences revealed that both groups translated under the influence of some pre-disposed influence dividable into different categories. Employing strategies of manipulation would be considered as an identity marker showing the social identity of the translator. The effect could be either their cultural preferences or, in contrast, the elite’s favorable set of preferences imposed on both the translator and the product of translation. 
۱۲.

How is Islam Portrayed in Western Media? A Critical Discourse Analysis Perspective

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۱, Issue ۲, Summer ۲۰۱۳ 57 - 75

کلیدواژه‌ها: Ideology Stereotype Discourse CDA ideological square Orientalism

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۷۹ تعداد دانلود : ۳۱۵
This study tries to critically unravel the way Islam is represented in western discourse through establishing the relationship between language and ideology, the forms it takes and its potential effect. To that end, headlines from widely circulated print media of the west including the Independent, the New York Times, the Herald Tribune, and The Times from January 1, 2008 to December 30, 2012 were selected and Islam and Muslim reproductions were studied therein. This study was carried out using a synthesis of Edward Said's notion of "Orientalism" and Van Dijk's notion of "ideological square", characterized by "positive self-presentation" and a simultaneous "negative other presentation". The analysis demonstrated that Islam is repetitively stereotyped and Muslims are negatively represented, both through various types of linguistic choices selected and via special construction of the headlines.  The educational implications of critical discourse analysis in general and the present study in particular are discussed in relation to teaching, learning and translating the English language.
۱۳.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Selected Iranian and Saudi Arabian Print Media on Civil War in Syria

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۳, Issue ۱۱, Autumn ۲۰۱۵ 67 - 78

کلیدواژه‌ها: Ideology CDA newspaper square ideology transitivity system

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۴۶ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۰
This study tried to examine the relationship between language strategies/sources and ideologies, and how ideologies are constructed and expressed through language strategies in different English newspapers with different political contexts. The focus of the study was on the style of representation of Syrian civil war in Tehran-Times and Asharq Al-Awsat newspapers. The data from these newspapers were culled from 2012 to 2013. The analyzed texts, which was conducted on the basis of Van Dijk’s (2000) Us-Them and M.A.K. Halliday’s (1985) Transitivity Theory, revealed that the newspapers passivized, downgraded, legitimatized, delegitimized, euphemized, and demonized the involved parties in the war in order to show their desired parties’ standpoint as positive, their positive actions overstated and their negative actions understated. The findings of the study provides implications for syllabus designers, material developers, and language teachers to equip language learners with decent communication and increase their awareness regarding the use of different language sources in a variety of communication contexts.
۱۴.

The Representation of Social Actors in Top Notch Textbook Series: A critical discourse analysis perspective

نویسنده:
منبع: International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۴, Issue ۱۳, Spring ۲۰۱۶ 69 - 82

کلیدواژه‌ها: Critical discourse analysis Ideology ideology and Language Gender Textbooks Social Actors

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۰۴ تعداد دانلود : ۳۹۷
This study aimed to investigate how English language teaching textbooks portrayed male and female social actors according to their social roles and gender identities. To examine the linguistic representation of male and female social actors and construction of gender identities in ELT textbooks, Top Notch series was selected. To do so, attempts were made to analyze the series in terms of the features introduced in two analytical models: Van Leeuwen’s (1996) framework and Halliday's transitivity model (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). All of the sentences in reading passages and conversations were counted and analyzed critically through discursive features of these two models. The findings of this study revealed significant differences in representation of male and female social actors in some discursive features. Male social actors were described as more autonomous, successful, and active compared to female social actors.
۱۵.

An Ideological and Cultural Study of Taboo Terms Translation in English-Persian Dubbed Movies by IRIB

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۵, Issue ۱۸, Summer ۲۰۱۷ 85 - 95

کلیدواژه‌ها: culture dubbing Ideology norms Sharifi and Darchinian’s Model Taboo

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۳۶ تعداد دانلود : ۳۰۰
In our modern life, the introduction of new technologies and subsequent boom in satellites, television, as well as the Internet has made the world a much smaller place allowing different nations, cultures, and languages to interact more frequently. One of the biggest concerns of audiovisual translators is cultural and ideological items which taboo terms are included. This study aims at investigating the strategies applied in the translation of taboo terms, from English into Persian, in five dubbed Hollywood movies broadcast by Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting. The original movies were compared with their dubbed Persian versions based on Sharifi and Darchinian’s (2009) strategies. The “Censorship” strategy is the topmost used strategy in the rendition of the taboos with the highest frequency (56%). The second frequent strategy is “Taboo to Taboo” which involves 19%, the third frequent strategy is “Euphemism” with 13%, and the least frequent strategy for dealing with taboos is “Taboo to Non-Taboo” which is 12%. The results of the present study show that considering ideological and cultural aspects of the society, Iranian AV translators attempted to moderate and soften the original taboo terms, which would be considered as taboo by the cultural standards of the Iranian audiences.
۱۶.

Inaugural Addresses of American Presidents: A CDA-oriented Analysis of Party Affiliation(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۹ , N. ۴ , ۲۰۲۰ 539 - 560

کلیدواژه‌ها: Critical discourse analysis Discourse analysis Ideology political discourse analysis socio-cognitive approach

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۹۸ تعداد دانلود : ۲۵۰
The United States with its presidents stepping into power from either the Democratic or Republican parties influences global affairs in one way or another. These two main political parties have long been struggling for power and the significance of tapping into the ideological inclinations of the two parties underscores scholars’ accountability toward raising the critical language awareness of the public which could be an initial step toward a change for the better. The presidential inaugural speeches, due to their programmatic and strategic nature, are of significance to researchers. This study employed van Dijk’s (2006b) socio-cognitive framework where he defined two levels of analyses for a political discourse including the micro-level and macro-level text analyses. The former included 25 discursive devices such as polarization, generalization, hyperbole, etc. The latter drew on the dichotomy of ‘positive self-representation’ and ‘negative other-representation’. In the present study, the linguistic features in 16 inaugural speeches delivered by American Democratic and Republican presidents from 1961 to 2017 were examined at both levels. The overall data analysis revealed that Democrats employed ‘norm expression’ and ‘presupposition’ significantly more than Republicans, while Republicans made more use of ‘categorization’, ‘lexicalization’, and ‘populism’. The macro-level comparison of the two parties indicated that both Democrats and Republicans resorted to using ‘positive self-representation’ significantly more than ‘negative other-representation’ while the deployment of ‘negative other-representation’ by Republicans was significantly more than that by Democrats. The findings of this study have some implications for English for political purposes, political studies, as well as attempts in discourse studies.
۱۷.

Structural and Ideological Differences in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and his Later Tragedies

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal Of English Language and Literature Teaching, Volume ۱, Issue ۱, Summer ۲۰۲۱ 49 - 68

کلیدواژه‌ها: Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet Hamlet Ideology dynamism

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۰۲ تعداد دانلود : ۱۸۱
The present article attempts to trace the elements of change in the early and late Shakespearean tragedies from the viewpoint of style and the writer’s ideological stance. Shakespeare’s tragic writing undergoes certain modification as he moves further in his career. One aspect of this modification is the change in the protagonist’s dynamism. Although Romeo and Juliet both show certain signs of development which separates them from comic characters, they still lack the psychological depth which is witnessed in Shakespeare’s late tragic heroes. It is true they realize their tragic fate, yet they fail in gaining full consciousness of their situation and their contribution to their own destiny. Another aspect is the change of diction toward a more ‘natural’ employment of language and rhetorical devices. In Shakespeare’s mature tragedies, we do not see the experimental lyricism we witness in Romeo and Juliet, as the playwright seems to adopt the classical notion of decorum, according to which each character should speak in accordance with its social status.
۱۸.

The Ideological Working of Fidelity Criticism in Dramatic and Cinematic Adaptation Studies(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۲۸, Issue ۳ (۲۰۲۱) 55-74
تعداد بازدید : ۲۰۳ تعداد دانلود : ۲۲۰
The present research explores the reasons why contemporary theoreticians of adaptation studies spurn “fidelity criticism.” With an increase in the production of adaptation with the advent of the cinema, there appeared a critical approach known as “fidelity criticism” in which the extent of the fidelity of the adapter to the adapted was investigated. Since this approach considers the adapted as a touchstone to evaluate the adapter and since it implicitly acknowledges the superiority of the former over the latter, postmodern critics, who frequently advocate alternative views and readings, struggle to release the adapter from being overshadowed by the adapted in order to let them express their unique message in the modern era. By referring to contemporary theories, the present research explores the whyness of the necessity for avoiding “fidelity criticism” as a touchstone for the evaluation of adaptation. To this end, the question of adaptation is expounded in the light of canon, logocentrism, and minor literature in order to study the likelihood of the ideological working of “fidelity criticism” as an apparatus in the hands of power. While the fact that “fidelity criticism” cannot be an appropriate criterion for the evaluation of adaptation has been frequently pointed out, the howness of its contribution to power discourse is an issue that has not been investigated in a coherent research, an attempt that can lead to a better understanding of the whyness of the rejection of “fidelity criticism.”
۱۹.

A Medley of Voices Representing Dialogic Democracy, Autocracy or Violence in Afghanistan: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Soltanzade’s Brazen Bulls(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۴, Issue ۴, Autumn ۲۰۲۰ 633-664

کلیدواژه‌ها: Hegemonic Discourse counter-hegemonic discourse Critical discourse analysis Ideology repressive state apparatus ideological state apparatuses

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۳۴ تعداد دانلود : ۱۶۶
Afghanistan is a country besieged by years of instability and unrest as a result of the weak governments that have seized power, especially after King Zahir. Mohammad Asef Soltanzade’s “Brazen Bulls” is the story of the tragedy that befalls a country similar to Afghanistan. The story is an allegory of the atrocities committed against the civilians and the civilians who resort to extreme forms of violence to counteract the government and occupied forces’ measures. The novel has propensities for dialogical analysis as a result of the voices that represent different discourses in the present-day Afghanistan. This paper is an attempt to link the text of the novel to the discursive and social practices that gave rise to the emergence of such novels. It aims to illustrate the way in which literary products could engender discourses that are necessary for forcing effective changes in hegemonic discourse over time. The methodology used to fulfill the purposes of the paper and generate discussion is the critical discourse analysis endorsed by Norman Fairclough.
۲۰.

Domestic Factions and the External Environment in Iran’s Foreign Policy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۰, Issue ۳۰ - Serial Number ۲, July ۲۰۱۹ 281 - 313

کلیدواژه‌ها: Iran Foreign Policy Analysis Factionalism Ideology Pragmatism

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۲۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۵
The beginning of the political crisis in Syria, each regional and trans-regional actors have adopted different policies based on their interests and goals in relation to this country. Syria is an exceptional issue for countries in the region and the world's powers like the United States of America, and any transformation in that form might have a fundamental impact on the interests of each of these regional and global powers. Turkey as a regional power and the United States has always been present in the Syrian crisis as a regional power based on its interests. But the United' support of the present groups in Syria has sought to fight ISIS extremists, which Turkey has called for terrorist groups to reduce the US and Turkey relations. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytic method and using documentation sources to provide a theoretical framework, the question of why Turkey is against United States about the Syrian Kurdish issue? This study investigates the presence of United States in Syria and the support of Kurdish groups, as well as the reaction that Turkey and Iran have been involved in. The findings of this article indicate that the United States support the Kurdish groups in northern Syria has led to conflict of interest between the two countries.