Self-esteem

One of the psychological variables which may have a long-lasting effect on our life is labeling, and students’ accomplishments might be severely undermined through the teacher’s labeling. In spite of this issue, few studies have been carried out on the ramifications of labeling in the educational contexts, in general, and EFL classrooms, in particular. The current study is an attempt to investigate the occurrence possibility of negative labeling and how such labels eventually influence students’ psychological/academic potentials. Since it was not possible to expose the students to the experience of negative labels in their real situations, the 100 high-school female participants of the study were asked to make predictions on social/academic success of a fictitious student who was labeled as dyslexic (Hunt, 2006). Besides, they were given a modified 11-item questionnaire (Mwania & Muola, 2013) about their experiences of being labeled. The participants were also asked to fill in the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory (SEI) (1967) to determine if there is a relationship between their labeling experiences, their self-esteem and their reported academic achievements. The collected data was then processed using SPSS. The findings of the study indicate that teacher’s negative labeling was significantly related with students’ self-esteem, their academic potentials, and their future life/success/expectations.The study bears some significant implications for teachers’ education since the findings show that the negative ramifications of labeling in EFL contexts should be taken into more serious consideration in teaching.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cognitive-behavioral training based on self-esteem on social adjustment and educational achievement motivation of first-grade high school female students in Ashkezar. The design of this experimental study was pretest-posttest with control group. The participants included  30 high school female students in Ashkezar selected via cluster random sampling method who were divided randomly into two groups (experimental and control). The instruments used in this study were Bel (1961) Social Adjustment Scale and Academic Motivation Scale (AMS). Cognitive-behavioral training based on self-esteem included 8 sessions for the experimental group. MANCOVA was used to analyze the data. The result of this study showed that Cognitive-Behavioral Training Based on Self-Esteem increases social adjustment and achievement motivation of high school students in the experimental group in comparison  with the control Group (p<0/05). So, the result of this study indicated that cognitive-behavioral training based on self-esteem is an important intervention to increase social development and psychological health of students.                              

The study was conducted with the aim of predicting educational hope based on the perceived parent-child relationship and socioeconomic status through self-esteem mediation in female high school students in the 19th district of Tehran during the academic year of 1396-97. The research method was descriptive-correlational. 200 students were randomly selected using cluster random sampling. Copepool and Kawon (2001)’s socioeconomic status and Rosenberg’s self-esteem (1965) and Mark Fine et al. (1983)’s perceived parent-child relationship questionnaires were Completed. Statistical analysis of structural equation modeling using AMOS software was used to analyze the data. Findings showed that the direct effect of parent-child relationship perception and self-esteem on academic achievement was positive and significant, but the direct effect of socioeconomic status on academic hope was insignificant but significant on self-esteem. The indirect effect of the parent-child relationship and socioeconomic status on academic self-esteem mediation was also significant. Based on the findings of the study, the role of teenage female-parent relationship in the hope of education and self-esteem of adolescent females was emphasized. In addition, socioeconomic status plays an important role in explaining the student's education and self-esteem.

It is axiomatic that L2 teaching and learning is a process that requires dynamic involvement of L2 learners in the acquisition of knowledge and skills. L2 learners need to be assisted in setting individual learning goals. They should also be given the exposure to and guidance in effective language learning strategies (LLSs) in order to build a high level of confidence in the learning process. The study was an attempt to examine the relationship between LLSs and L2 learners’ self-esteem. To achieve such objectives, a questionnaire was administered to 120 Persian L2 learners. The results revealed that LLSs had a strong correlation with self-esteem. Besides, the same strong, positive correlation was also observed between the participants’ self-esteem and their L2 proficiency level. It was finally underestood that of the L2 independent variables of the study (i.e., self-esteem and L2 proficiency level), it was the L2 participants’ proficiency level that better accounted for their use of LLSs. Conducting studies like the present one may contribute effectively to the better teaching of an L2 to L2 learners.

Purpose: The current study was conducted to discover the possible relationship between self-esteem and the productive skills of EFL learners in Iran across genders. Methodology: The design of the study was ex post facto or correlational design. Three instruments were used for data collection in the present study. A language proficiency test (Oxford Placement Test (OPT)) to measure the participants’ proficiency level, Cooper smith Self-Esteem Inventory and finally two tests of speaking and writing adopted from Preliminary English Test (PET). To begin the study, with the purpose of clearing the language proficiency level of the learners, the researchers gave all learners a language proficiency test in Payame Noor University in Tabriz. After the test, 52 candidates whose test scores were between one SD below and above the mean finally were selected as the homogeneous sample for further data collection. Then some parts of the data were collected by Copper smith's self-esteem questionnaire to find out the participants’ self-esteem. Finally the last part of the data which was the participants’ productive skills was gathered by two tests of speaking and writing adopted from PET. To test all the research hypotheses in the current study, the researchers run Pearson correlation analysis as the chief statistical analysis. Findings: The results indicated that, there was significant relationship between the self-esteem and productive skills of the learners in both genders. Conclusion: feelings of competence, confidence and good directedness influence learners’ performance. It means that, self-esteem could have a significant impact on the learners’ learning processes.

Purpose: The present study was aimed to examine the performance of social-cultural deputy of municipality in terms of the indexes of training professional citizens. Methodology: Research method was descriptive (survey) in terms of data collection method; and in terms of objective, it was practical. The statistical population consisted of all citizens (379962 people) residing in Tehran's region 1. Sample size included 384 individuals selected using a Morgan Table and a cluster random sampling method. Data collection method was a made questionnaire which was designed based on a 5-point Likert scale. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was approved; and its reliability was calculated to be 0.79, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to analyze data, a single-sample "t" test was used. Findings: Obtained results showed that the performance of social-cultural deputy of municipality was in a medium level in terms of teaching three components of wisdom, participation, and civil behavior. Discussion: The result also indicated that it was in a lower than medium level in terms of teaching six components of lawfulness, identity, responsibility, ethics, self-esteem, and dependency

Purpose: The present research was conducted to discover the possible relationship between self-esteem and the receptive skills of EFL learners in Iran across genders. Methodology: The design of the study was correlational or ex post facto design. The researchers used three instruments for data collection in the current study. A language proficiency test to measure the participants’ proficiency level, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and finally two tests of listening and reading adopted from Preliminary English Test. To begin the research, in order to clear the language proficiency level of the learners, the researchers gave all learners a language proficiency test in Payame Noor University in Tabriz. After the test, the researchers finally selected 52 candidates whose test scores were between one SD below and above the mean as the homogeneous sample for further data collection. Then they collected some parts of the data from Coopersmith's self-esteem questionnaire to find out the learners’ self-esteem. Finally, they gathered the last part of the data which was the learners’ receptive skills from two tests of listening and reading adopted from PET. With the intention of testing all the research hypotheses, the researchers ran Pearson correlation analysis as the chief statistical analysis. Findings: The Results showed a significant correlation between the self-esteem and reading skill of the learners across genders. Also no relationship could be found between the self-esteem and listening skill of the learners across genders. Conclusion: From the findings, self-esteem had deep-seated and improved positive possessions on reading performances of the learner. But when it comes to listening performance, not self-esteem, but most linguistic knowledge and strategy use, mark the failure or success of a learner. It seems that there are some other factors of which affect the process of listening comprehension

With the emergence of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, it is questionable whether a theoretical framework can provide for the components of foreign policy called the Islamic Revolution's self-esteem. Those who believe in "Dignifying Foreign Policy" find that in the foreign policy of the Islamic Revolution, the "Motive of Dignity" has a special place and position, so that during the eight-year war, the priorities of the national interests of Iranians are not economy nor welfare but religious and national honor. On the other hand, all disputing theories of international relations based on modern mono-dimensional anthropology have diminished the importance of self-esteem as an independent human stimulus, and there is no theory based on the stimulus of the soul and human need for self-esteem. The present study by the hypothesis that other concepts (like self-esteem) can explain to clarify the disputes of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the imposed war by using the idea of self-confidence; To this end, this concept divided into three components: "Voluntary Limitation in Disputes," "Priority of Identity" and "Honor Seeking" and explains the foreign policy of the Islamic Revolution from 1980 to 1988.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of family communication patterns and parenting style in the self-esteem of secondary school students with learning disabilities in Ardabi  in the year 1399. The present study is a descriptive-correlational study. The instruments of this study include the  Revised Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire (2004), Baumrind Parenting Questionnaire 1973.Cooper-Smith Self-Esteem Questionnaire (1967). These questionnaires were administered to 200 adolescents with learning disabilities. Finally, the collected data were statistically analyzed through the implementation of questionnaires. The results show that the effect of communication patterns and parenting styles in explaining self-esteem is significant. Multiple regression results also showed parenting styles have the power to explain the variable of self-esteem more than communication patterns; Therefore, the best predictor of self-esteem is parenting style. There is a direct and significant relationship between communication patterns and parenting styles with the self-esteem of adolescents with learning disabilities.

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of group training through logotherapy on changing of self-esteem and intimacy attitudes and depression of physically disabled women. Method: The research was performed in semi-experimental method with two groups (logotherapy and control) with pre-test, post-test and follow up design. The statistical population was 68 people with physically disabilities under care of Kashan welfare center. From this population, 40 physically disabled women (20-40 years old) who had depression above 17 were selected randomly and were divided equally in each groups randomly (n=20). The research instruments were, intimacy attitude Treadwell (1983), Beck depression (1996) and Eysenck’s self esteem (1976) inventories. Before the first group training session, by using questionnaires in both groups, pre-test was conducted. Then 8 sessions of logotherapy, twice a week, each lasting 120 minutes, were administrated to test the group. For both groups, post-test (immediately after training sessions), and follow-up test (one month later) were taken. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze data. Results: The results showed that group training through logotherapy, significantly decreased depression (р ≤0.01), and significantly increased self-esteem and intimacy attitude (р ≤ 0.01) and the sustainability of this effects at follow-up. Conclusion: The study concluded that training logotherapy can effectively increase intimacy attitude and self-esteem and decrease depression in physically disabled women, and so it implies the importance of paying attention to spiritual training and applying them in welfare centers.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on goal orientation and feeling of inferiority in individuals with physical-motor disabilities. Methods: This study utilized a quasi-experimental methodology. The statistical population consisted of all students with physical-motor disabilities in Kalaleh County (n = 517). Among them, 30 students were selected as a sample using a convenience sampling method. After explaining the purpose of the research and signing the consent form, they were divided into two groups of 15: the experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in eight ACT training sessions (one 60-minute session per week), while the control group only answered pretest and posttest. For this purpose, Elliot and McGregor's Achievement Goal Orientations Scale (2001) and Eysenck's Feelings of Inferiority Questionnaire (1976) were used. Results and Conclusions: The findings indicated the effect of ACT-based training on mastery-approach goal orientation and feeling of inferiority in students with physical-motor disabilities. Examining the means showed that the mastery-approach goal orientation increased, and the feeling of inferiority decreased after ACT.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-esteem on jealousy and organizational citizenship behaviors of the staffs of general sport and youth departments of western provinces of Iran. Methodology : The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study includes all managers, presidents and staffs of sport and youth departments in west of Iran with 300 persons (Kermanshah 72 people, Ilam 68 people, Hamedan 57 people, Lorsan 53 people and Kordestan 50 people) and the sample was considered as the whole population. The instruments used in this study were standard questionnaires of Rahmani et al. (2010) anti-citizenship behavior questionnaire, Vecchio organizational jealousy questionnaire (2000) and Gardner self-esteem questionnaire (2000) that their reliability was 0.962, 0.849 and 0.921, respectively. The questionnaires were reviewed by eight experts in management and their ambiguities were somewhat resolved. This demonstrates the acceptable appearance and content validity of the compilation tool. Descriptive and inferential statistics (variance-based structural equation modeling) were used to analyze the data. In addition, the research hypotheses were analyzed at the 0.05 level of error using Smart PLS3 software. Findings : The findings showed that organizational self-esteem had a significant and negative effect on organizational citizenship behavior and organizational jealousy, meaning that with increasing self-esteem, organizational citizenship and organizational jealousy would decrease. Conclusion : Organizations today are looking for new approaches in management, so that they can make the best use of their human and physical resources and increase their work efficiency. The main purpose of this study is to identify the effect of organizational self-esteem on organizational jealousy and anti-organizational citizen behavior.

Loneliness is a sad and even painful emotional experience that is thought to be caused by a lack in the quantity or quality of one's social relationships. The aim of the present study was to predict the loneliness based on perceived parenting style and self-esteem in adolescents by moderating the role of gender. The research population included all male and female students of 12-17 years of age studying in the academic year of 1400-1401 in Tehran, and 250 of these students responded to the online questionnaire related to the research. The method of the current research was step-by-step multivariate regression correlation, and in order to collect data, Asher and Wheeler's loneliness questionnaire (1985), Rosenberg's self-esteem questionnaire (1965) and Bury's parenting questionnaire (1992) were used. The obtained results showed that there is an inverse relationship between permissive and authoritative parenting styles with feelings of loneliness and a direct relationship between authoritarian parenting styles and feelings of loneliness, and no significant relationship was seen between self-esteem and feelings of loneliness. Authoritative parenting style was able to predict the feeling of loneliness in the whole sample and by gender, and the amount of predicting the feeling of loneliness based on the authoritative parenting style was seen more in the group of girls than in boys. According to the findings, it can be said that authoritative parenting style can reduce the feeling of loneliness of teenagers and it is necessary to take these results into consideration in training for parents and clinical counselors.

Aim:   Considering the effects of hidden communication aggression and its consequences on the couple's relations, reducing it can diminish its consequences. The present study aimed to examine the model of direct and indirect effects of self-esteem and communication skills on sexual satisfaction with mediating role of hidden aggression dimensions of spouses in female nurses of public and private hospitals in Shiraz city.   Methods: The study sample consisted of 310 female nurses selected through the two-stage random cluster sampling method. The research method was correlational, and the research tools were the Self-Esteem Scale (SES), the Marital Social-Skills Inventory (MSSI), the Hidden Communication Aggression Scale (HCAS), and the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Women (SSSW). Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling.   Results:   The results showed that there was a significant relationship in the direct paths of self-esteem to the social image sabotage, self-esteem to emotional withdrawal, communication skills to emotional withdrawal, self-esteem to sexual satisfaction, communication skills to sexual satisfaction, social image sabotage to sexual satisfaction, and emotional withdrawal to sexual satisfaction, but the relation of communication skills to the social image sabotage was not significant (P=0.41). Also, the mediating role of emotional withdrawal was significant between self-esteem and sexual satisfaction (P=0.006, b=0.038) and between communication skills and sexual satisfaction (P=0.006, b=-0.062) at P<0.05. But the mediating role of the social image sabotage variable was not significant between communication skills and sexual satisfaction (P=0.20, b=0.027) and between self-esteem and sexual satisfaction (p=0.06, b=-0.034).   Conclusion: Researchers interested in this field are suggested to examine the effect of home violence and especially covert violence in other psychological variables so that the results of this type of violence in married life can be better recognized. The results of this research on self-esteem showed that people with high self-esteem have higher quality and satisfaction in their relationships and married life. Thus, those responsible for the education and upbringing of people since childhood (family, teachers, counselors, etc.) should attempt to increase this spirit in people and make the increase of this spirit in the individual a priority of their work

Evidence shows that physical activity (PA) is associated with better self-esteem and perceived motor competence in typically developing children. Nonetheless, associations between PA with self-esteem and perceived motor competence among children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) has received very little attention in the literature. As such, the purpose of this study was to survey the associations between PA with self-esteem and perceived motor competence among children with DCD. A correlational approach was used in this study. Participants were forty-nine children with DCD (mean age of 8.85 years old) from special schools. Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children was used for assessing PA. Self-Perception Profile for Children was used to assess self-esteem and perceived motor competence. To analyze data, we used Pearson correlation test and regression analysis. Descriptive results showed that our sample participate in very low amount of PA. In addition, they have low levels of self-esteem and perceived motor competence. Furthermore, PA was significantly and directly associated with both self-esteem and perceived motor competence. Finally, PA has significantly and directly predicted both self-esteem and perceived motor competence. Our findings emphasize on benefits of PA for improving psychological status of children with DCD. Thus, it seems necessary to find out proper strategies and interventions for increase the level of PA in this population.

The present study aimed to investigate the causal pattern of the relationship between personality variables and coronavirus-related health attitudes mediated by the internal locus of control, and the moderating role of self-esteem in students. The sample participants consisted of 150 students of varying educational levels who completed the Health Behavior, Health Attitude, Internal Locus of Control, risk-taking, self-esteem, and conscientiousness and neuroticism questionnaires, online and through messaging applications (Telegram and WhatsApp). To analyze data, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to measure fitness of the model and examine direct relationships. Measurement of the mediator relationship was assessed via, Bootstrap, and the moderator relations were examined with hierarchical regression. The results showed that the model's fitness well with the data and all direct relationships, except the relationship between risk-taking, and health attitudes were confirmed. The findings also confirmed the mediating role of the internal locus of control in the relationship between personality traits and health attitudes. The results further indicated the moderating role of self-esteem in the relationship between the internal locus of control and students' health attitudes. In other words, the relationship between the internal locus of control and health attitudes in students with higher self-esteem is stronger than the relationship in which students reported lower self-esteem. The results also confirmed the moderating role of self-esteem in the relationship between neuroticism and students' health attitudes. In other words, the relationship between neuroticism and health attitudes in students with lower self-esteem is stronger than the relationship in which students reported higher self-esteem

This study was conducted to determine the effect of group logo-therapy on self-esteem, social skills, and anxiety among adolescent girls in Tehran, Iran. The research was performed in a semi-experimental method with two groups (15 girls per group): one experimental group with logo-therapy and one control group with treatment as usual. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, the Teenage Inventory of Social Skills, and Beck Anxiety Inventory have been applied to both groups in the pre- and post- intervention phases. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance. Our results showed that group logo-therapy affected the levels of self-esteem and anxiety, but not social skills of these young girls. This study suggests that group logo-therapy may be useful for boosting some aspect of positive functioning of adolescent girls like self-esteem or reducing their negative feelings in response to anxiety but it may not be useful in improving their social skills. Implications of results have been discussed.

The present paper aimed to investigate rational-emotive behavior therapy on self-esteem and self-criticism of females with binge-eating behavior. A quasi-experimental design was utilized in this study, which involved a control group, a pre-test, and a post-test of samples taken from two clinics in Tehran (Armaghane Salamat and Zehne Aram, district 3), of which 24 females were selected through a purposive sampling method throughout October to December 2019. There were 12 participants in each of the experimental and control groups. Afterward, they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group (n=12) was treated with rational-emotive behavior therapy, for eight weekly 90-120 minute sessions, while the control group (n=12) did not receive any treatment. All participants were tested using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (SES)and The Levels of Self-criticism (LOSC) Scale methods. In addition to descriptive statistics, and Normality tests were employed to interpret the results and the SPSS-25 program was used for all the analyses. Considering the results, there was a significant difference between the pretest and post-test results for self-esteem (26.93±3.94) and self-criticism (52.40±5.54) indicating that the experimental group’s post-test scores were higher relative to their pretest scores, while the control group’s scores decreased self-esteem from the pretest (22.53±4. 23) to the posttest (21.34±3. 83) and increased self-criticism from the pretest (61.34±6.71) to the posttest (62.34±6.48). The findings showed that rational-emotive behavior therapy could help females with binge-eating behavior. Therefore, this intervention program is recommended for improving self-esteem and mitigating self-criticism among females with binge-eating behavior.

Nowadays, one of the topics of interest to researchers is the authority of teachers, and fades it in universities. Look at the reality in the society and comparing with historical context motivates researchers to question why some of the professors at the university have less authority. For this purpose, this research is trying to focus on economic and demographic factors, to answer questions. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis using survey techniques and data collection tool is a questionnaire. The population consisted of professors of Kermanshah PNU in the academic year 2011-2012, total number of them is equal to 258. Due to the large size of the population, using the Lin sampling table sample size is 258, which for the study based on striated random sampling were selected. In the present study, face validity assessment method and construct validity based on factor analysis were used. To determine the reliability of the statements of each variable, Cronbach's alpha used. Results using SPSS21 and Amos21 statistical software were analyzed. Mean traditional authority equal to 13.57, then charisma authority13.54, and intellectual authority is 18.72. The dimensions compared with the average expected for above dimension respectively traditional authority 15, charisma authority 12, intellectual authority is 15. The results show that there is a significant relationship between relative deprivation and professor’s authority (r=-0.301), the use of mass media and professor’s authority (r=0.161), monthly income and professor’s authority (r=-0.153). In addition, the results of comparison show that average of the professor’s authority among the courses is different, and this difference based on f test is significant. The average professor’s authority, for people with different degrees is different. The results of Multiple regression indicate that the traditional authority (T=4.335), self-esteem (T =3.925), charismatic authority (T =3.788), and the relative deprivation (T =-2.287), total 0.42 from internal changes explain the value of professor’s authority variables. Furthermore, the results of structural equation shows that Chi square insignificant CMIN is equal to 211.143, square root index mean residual square or RMSEA is equal to 0.075, RMR index or residuals mean square root is equal to 0.098, the Chi-square to the degrees of freedom ratio CMIN.dF in model is 3.199, against the CFI comparative fit index 0.926, and comparative fit index thrifty PCFI, are equal to 0.671 Comparative and thrifty indicators for evaluating the overall model calculated that show collected data to support the theoretical model considered.