ارزیابی اجتماع پذیری فضاهای عمومی شهری در محلات با الگوی کالبدی از پیش طراحی شده (نمونه محله سجاد مشهد) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اجتماع پذیری ازجمله چالش های فراروی فضاهای شهری و از موضوعات مهم در توسعه پایدارشهری بشمار می آید. با اینکه درمنابع مختلف، از معیارهای اجتماع پذیری سخن به میان آمده است، اما توجه به شیوه ارزیابی و ویژگی های زمینه ای، کمک شایانی در درک بهتر این موضوع می کند. براین اساس مطالعه پیش رو به دنبال آن است، اجتماع پذیری فضا را در محلاتِ با الگویِ کالبدیِ از پیش طراحی شده، مورد بررسی قرار دهد. شاخص های تحقیق شامل5 دسته کالبدی، چیدمان فضایی، اجتماعی، عملکردی و آسایش محیطی و درقالب 22 متغیر می باشد. محدوده مورد مطالعه محله سجاد مشهد و مقیاس مطالعه واحدهای همسایگی واقع در آن شامل امین و مینا است. در گام اول با تکمیل ۳۸۵ پرسشنامه از ساکنین، وضعیت حضورپذیری فضای عمومی محله مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. نتایج بهره گیری از آزمون "یومن ویتنی" بیانگر وجود تفاوت های معنادار درسطح محله درخصوص حضورپذیری فضا بود. در گام بعد سعی گردید وضعیت معیارهای اثرگذار بر حضورپذیری با استفاده از روش های مشاهده میدانی، آمار استنباطی، تحلیل فضایی و تحلیل چیدمان فضایی، مورد سنجش قرار گیرد. برآیند این ارزیابی نشان داد که معیارهایی همچون توزیع جمعیت، انواع کاربری ها، تنوع کاربری ها و سلسله مراتب راه ها، به دلیل اثرپذیری از طرح کالبدی، نقشی در بروز تمایزات اجتماع پذیری فضا در سطح محله ندارند. درمقابل معیارهایی همچون وضعیت مبلمان شهری و خدمات مرتبط با آن و همچنین معیارهای چیدمان فضایی بیشترین اثرگذاری را در تفاوت های درون محلی اجتماع پذیری فضا دارند. از اینرو مطالعه حاضر، ضمن توجه به تفاوت های درون محلی و ضرورت پرداختن به آن، نحوه شکل بندی محلات به صورت خودرو یا از پیش طراحی شده را در این ارزیابی دخیل می داند و براین ادعاست اجتماع پذیری فضا در سطح محلات برحسب فرایند شکل گیری آن ها، الگوهای متفاوتی را نشان خواهد داد و چنین امری می بایست مد نظر برنامه ریزان قرار گیرد.Assessing the Sociability of Urban Public Spaces in Neighborhoods Possessing Pre-Designed Physical Pattern (Case Study: Sajjad Neighborhood of Mashhad)
1. IntroductionCurrently, urban spaces in Iran cannot meet the needs of people as a social being. Iranian see these spaces only as a path to go through and not as a space that they can enjoy. These spaces are facing many challenges, one of which is that most of these spaces face after the modernist views in the urban area is the degradation of their influence on the presence of people in this space. The formation of inefficient urban spaces should be considered as one of the consequences of this approach.Urban spaces are facing several challenges like sociability. Sociability also has an important impact upon sustainable urban development. Various studies have mentioned the criteria of sociability, but examining the evaluation method and contextual characteristics will lead to a better understanding of this issue. Considering these points, this research tried to explore the sociability of space in neighborhoods that have a pre-designed physical pattern. Research indicators included 22 variables in five categories: physical, spatial arrangement, social, functional, and environmental comfort. The studied area was Sjjad neighborhood of Mashhad, focused on neighborhood units located in Amin and Mina.This study considered in this evaluation the intra-neighborhood differences and the need to address them, and the way the neighborhoods have been shaped (automatically or pre-designed). It claimed that the sociability of the space in the neighborhoods depends on the process of their formation, and officials should pay attention to the issue. Taking the above points, this study tried to see if there are any differences between the public spaces of the neighborhood in terms of sociability. Considering the shape of the neighborhood (pre-designed physical pattern), it also tried to find out which indicators play more important roles in the sociability of the space.2. MethodTo achieve the goal of the research, descriptive-analytical method was applied. Questionnaire, field observation, and spatial and statistical analysis were used for collecting the required data. Through documentary studies, the criteria and indicators related to the sociability of urban spaces were determined. Then, 385 questionnaires were prepared and filled by the residents of the neighboring units in Sajjad neighborhood (focusing Amin and Mina) to see the availability of public spaces. Spatial analysis methods such as spatial autocorrelation indices and focal statistics, as well as inferential statistics methods such as the Yeoman-White-Navy test, and the spatial arrangement method were used to show the differences between public spaces.3. ResultsDocumentary studies showed that the Sajjad neighborhood of Mashhad first Pahlavi era was in the form of gardens and belonged to Hossein Malek. Then, these gardens have been changing regularly. The data collected through the questionnaires and the general result of the comparison between the willingness to attend in neighborhood units of Mina and Amin showed that Mina has a better condition than Amin in this regard. Moreover, the results of Yeoman-White-Navy test showed that there is a significant difference between the variables in the two neighborhoods residential units.The result showed that indicators pertaining to the functional factor and activity influence significantly on the success of public spaces regarding the attendance of people. Indicators related to functional and activity diversity, and mixing and diversity of uses were recognized as the most important influencing criteria. The field studies and the focal statistics showed that in 75% of the area, there are only one to three uses and in 10% of the area, there are more than 8 uses. The results related to the mix of use indicator showed that public spaces such as parks in the Amin and Mina neighborhoods do not have a suitable status (between 4 and 5 uses). The highest indicator of diversity of use belongs to educational spaces and commercial uses close to Sajjad Boulevard. The graphs of arrangement analysis showed that the space configuration indicators in the Amin and Mina neighborhoods are not in a good condition compared to the status of the entire area. Nevertheless, neighboring units compared to each other, Mina neighborhood unit shows a better condition. It even in some parameters, its average is higher than the average of the whole studied area.4. Discussion and ConclusionThis study showed that Sajjad neighborhood has a planned physical pattern, but the attendance status in its neighborhood units (Mina and Amin) is not the same. That is, Mina neighborhood units has a better condition than Amin neighborhood units. This can be interpreted as having a detailed plan does not necessarily mean not possessing local differences, and public spaces at the neighborhood level are strongly influenced by local issues. Investigations showed that since such criteria as population distribution, types of uses, variety of uses, and hierarchy of roads are influenced by the physical plan, they do not play a role in creating differences in the sociability of spaces of neighborhoods. On the contrary, such criteria as the status of urban furniture and related services and spatial arrangement criteria have the greatest impact on the intra-local differences in the sociability of spaces.The findings of this research can be used for improving the sociability of public spaces. Among the things that can be considered in this regard are: paying attention to intra-local differences and identifying different aspects of these differences; paying attention to the outer features of neighborhoods when arranging the elements and considering the inclusion of people’s taste and psychological aspects, and taking into account the significance of spatial arrangement criteria in sociability. The authors of this study believe that paying attention to these criteria can increase the sociability role of spaces in physical designs.
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