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Learning can only maintain its functional originality when it leads to permanent changes, and such changes are only possible if accompanied by self-explanation. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of self-explanation and the solved examples on students’ transfer, intrinsic motivation, and cognitive load in English courses. It was an experiment in the form of a 2×2 generalized random block design. The population consisted of all 8th-grade students in Semnan, Iran, from whom 120 students were selected applying random sampling – by considering a figure for each student, writing each figure on a piece of paper, putting all inside a pack, mixing them together, and drawing one piece out each time to get 120 candidates. Teaching English was done using the “Solved Examples” method. The instruments applied  to collect the data included the Intrinsic Motivation Questionnaire by Kuvaus and Dysvik (2009), the Cognitive Load Questionnaire by Paas and van Merrienboer (1993), and the researcher-made questionnaire of near and far transfer. The statistical analysis of the data was conducted using the Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The findings indicated that the format of presenting content (ordinary and erroneous solved examples) and self-explanation are correlated significantly with the near and far transfer, cognitive load, and intrinsic motivation (P<0.01). Based on the obtained results, it can be argued that self-explaining and presenting solved examples are useful strategies to enhance students’ transfer, intrinsic motivation, and cognitive load in learning English, and can be included in the curriculum of schools to empower students in solving intellectual problems.  

هدف پژوهش بررسی نقش رهبری اخلاقی مدیران در تعالی سازمانی مدرسه با میانجی گری توانمندسازی روانشناختی معلمان بود. جامعه پژوهش کلیه معلمان دوره متوسطه دوم شهر سنندج به تعداد 1132 نفر، که از این جامعه با روش نمونه گیری طبقه ای تصادفی نسبی و بر مبنای فرمول کوکران نمونه ای به حجم 287 نفر انتخاب شد. روش پژوهش کمی، توصیفی و از نوع مطالعات همبستگی است. جهت گردآوری داده ها  از سه پرسشنامه رهبری اخلاقی براون، تروینو و هریسون (2005)، توانمندسازی روانشناختی اسپریتزر (1995) و پرسشنامه ارزیابی نتایج تعالی سازمانی دمینگ (2003) استفاده شد. برای تعیین پایایی از آلفای کرونباخ و روایی از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی استفاده شد. جهت تحلیل داده ها از مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری با استفاده از نرم افزار LISREL10.30 استفاده شد. یافته ها نشان داد که رهبری اخلاقی مدیران و توانمندسازی روانشناختی معلمان اثر معنادار بر تعالی سازمانی مدرسه در سطح 05/0 دارند. رهبری اخلاقی با میانجیگری توانمندسازی روانشناختی معلمان بر تعالی سازمانی مدرسه در سطح 05/0 اثر دارد. همچنین متغیرهای رهبری اخلاقی مدیران و توانمندسازی روانشناختی معلمان قادر به تبیین 53% واریانس متغیر تعالی سازمانی مدرسه بودند.

The present study seeks to determine the components and features of school as a neighborhood educational center. When paying attention to and responding to the needs and desires of students, parents and the community is the main mission of a school and in line with this goal, in addition to using the actual facilities, seeks to discover potential facilities inside and outside the school, an important thing is happening, and that is the penetration of the school in its local context. When the needs and wants of the audience are taken into account in a school and there is hope for local facilities, and utilization of spiritual, human and natural resources, the school grows and develops. Accordingly, the present study was conducted using a qualitative approach and grounded theory method on a population consisting of 24 experts in education, as well as university professors, Farhangian University, Education Research Institute and school principals. The research sample was selected using purposive and snowball sampling and data collection was done through semi-structured interviews. Three stages of open, axial and selective coding are used in data analysis and the model of Neighborhood Educational Center School is divided into six categories: causal conditions, axial phenomenon (Neighborhood Educational Center School), mediating conditions, intervening conditions, Neighborhood Educational Center school strategies and consequences. And was presented. As a result, 28 core categories and 50 subcategories were obtained. The core category of the proposed model is the neighborhood educational center school, which includes 3 core categories (the concept of the neighborhood educational center school, the main features and elements of the neighborhood educational center school and 26 sub-categories. Also, control and evaluation by participating members (review of the designed model and problem solving) and the criteria of trustability, transferability, generality, and reliability were used.

Purpose : As regards the effect of creativity and models for the growth of it, this study endeavors to develop a pattern model for the purpose of growing creativity in the structure of the elementary school curriculum based on the fundamental reform document of education (FRDE) Methodology : As for the purpose of this study, it was conducive. Furthermore, in view of the procedure of methods, it could be considered as qualitative. 10 individuals of statistical society were chosen by targeted and snowball sampling methods in 2019. We utilized methods of reviewing the fundamental reform document of education and Semi-structured interviews. Validity and Validity of these methods were desperately examined by triangulation methods of data collection which were suitable for assessment and the coefficient of the agreement was estimated to be 0.76. Ultimately coding method was used in order to analyze the gained data of reviewed documents and interviews. Findings : Results demonstrated that 25 codes belonged to the growth model of creativity in the structure of the primary school curriculum based on the fundamental reform document of education while 15 codes are known to be relevant to this model based on interviews that have gotten done with some experts of the elementary school curriculum. Consequently, the model for the growth of creativity in the structure of the elementary school curriculum was designed based on these codes. Conclusions : Results of the present study contain some practical functions. Moreover, identified codes and designed models were used in order to improve the model of growth in creativity.