محمدرضا بمانیان

Thermal comfort is one of the key factors for achieving energy saving in the buildings. In the survey of thermal comfort, psychological aspects are as important as the physical parameters such as temperature and relative humidity. If thermal comfort could be achieved by using non–physical parameters, a significant energy and cost would be saved. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the color of inward daylight (into cool/warm), on sensation of thermal and visual comfort. This study was conducted to answer these questions: to what extent can the lights, which are traditionally called cool and warm, cause the real sensation of cold and heat? What is their influence on thermal and visual comfort? And what is the effect of changing the color of transmitted light on the occupant’s sensation of illumination? Research method is descriptive–analytical; in this study, thermal and visual effects of changing the color of inward light from the windows is surveyed, by using questionnaires, in three naturally ventilated high–schools; and the results were compared with the outputs of PMV simulation analysis. The results show that changing the inward light to a cool color (blue) and a warm color (red) resulted in a difference of 0.33°C in the sensation of thermal comfort. Moreover, the AMV in all cases had a neutral temperature below the PMV’s neutral temperature which was simulated by the software. In lower illuminance levels (lower than 300 lux) blue light aroused more visual satisfaction; but in higher illuminance levels (more than 300 lux), simple windows produced the best visual satisfaction. Red light produced the least visual satisfaction amongst these three. While, blue and red glazing generated better distribution of light in the room, than the witness group.

 Spatial expansion and land use changes in agricultural lands are among important factors contributing to environmental damages and disabilities of productive economy in the region especially in agricultural aspects. This trend is common in developing countries. These changes in land use usually occur by those who target agricultural lands for speculations and other abusing form of economy. In addition this trend also affects environment likewise economy and environment which is attributed as sprawl. Urumia Urban region gains valuable agricultural lands which plays a key role in in both environment and economy. In recent two decades according to excessive construction in the region these areas are turned out to be more of a recreational site for affluent families which has decreased agricultural functions there and also has damaged beautiful landscapes of the villages. Recent occurrence is resulted from not being cost effective agricultural activities and inefficiency of the market supplemented with not supporting agricultural activities. This has leaded that Urumia urban region go through a spatial expansion which differs considerably with urban sprawl. This paper is aimed to analyze effective factors on land se changes and the following sprawl by it. Moreover there are two main questions that should be answered: first is which factors contribute to spatial expansion in agricultural areas? How is attributed the sprawl dominating Urumia urban region? In order to analyze and producing status qua and current relationship between Urumia city and agricultural lands we used a descriptive and analytical method and in order to analyzing development process we went to the documents and finally in order to examine occurred changes we used from satellite photographs and cartographic photos in different periods. After gathering data and statistics and classification in the second stage by observing we tried to perfect the statistics. The results express that the absence cost effectiveness in agricultural activities and speculation in land and of course having nothing in common between users and speculators has resulted a new form of sprawl in Urumia which differs considerably with common forms of it. This new sprawl has features which sustains affluent interests.

This essay tries to introduce the importance and efficiency of interactive architecture, also tries to clarify, what the meaning of interactive architecture is and how it can affect our lives in the near future. Interactive architecture depicts a viewpoint for the future via composition of emerging technologies with architecture. This viewpoint has been constructed by the convergence of embedded computation and kinetic counterpoint that make adaptability between interaction of human being and environment. The reason of making these systems is for creation of objects and spaces that can afford variable necessities of individual, social and environmental demands. Progress will be accomplished if the interactive systems can be part of wide spreading systems not being individual. Prediction of this matter that how long does it take that interactive architecture would be accepted by the people is very hard to say but it is not hard to say that they will be integrated part of construction in the future. Future of architecture will employ novel methods and unique utilization of smart technologies that can respond properly to the dynamic, adaptable and growing functions. It is up to architects and professionals to conceive the matter appropriately that can depict and predict successful future for the architecture.