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۶۴

چکیده

باوجود اینکه پژوهش های بسیاری در زمینه ی برند سازی مقاصد صورت گرفته است، مطالعه در زمینه ی شخصیت مقصد همچنان محدود باقی مانده است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش شناسایی شخصیت مقصد ایران و بررسی رابطه ی میان شخصیت مقصد و تمایلات رفتاری گردشگران بین المللی ورودی با استفاده از مدل آکر(1997) می باشد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش را گردشگران بین المللی ورودی به ایران تشکیل می دهند. پرسشنامه پژوهش به صورت تصادفی میان اعضای نمونه توزیع شد و از مجموع 420 پرسشنامه جمع آوری شده، 407 پرسشنامه ی صحیح مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج بدست آمده از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و رگرسیون چند متغیره نشان می دهد، گردشگران ویژگی های شخصیتی را به مقاصد گردشگری نسبت می دهند و شخصیت مقصد درک شده ایران در نظر گردشگران بین المللی دارای 3 بعد مهمان نوازی و فرهنگ، بی ریایی و با طراوت است. <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">هدشتی، زهره؛ خانی، سجاد و اجلی، امین. (1393). </span><span style="font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">نقش تبلیغات و تبلیغات شفاهی در ارتقاء ارزش ویژه برند در مقصد گردشگری شهر اصفهان. فصلنامه علمی ـ پژوهشی مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، 8 (25)، 61-27.</span> <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA">سازمان میراث فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری (1396). منتخب آمارهای گردشگران بین‌المللی ایران در سال 1396. دفتر برنامه‌ریزی و حمایت از توسعه‌ گردشگری.</span> <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">سید رضازاده، امیر. (1392). ویژگی‌های</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;" lang="AR-SA"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">شخصیت</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;" lang="AR-SA"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">مقصد</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Cambria',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;" lang="AR-SA"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">از دیدگاه گردشگران خارجی (مورد مطالعه شهر تبریز)</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد (دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی).</span> <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA">ضیایی، محمود و مهدیخانی، نیلوفر. (1396). </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">رابطه شخصیت کالبدی</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="AR-SA">–</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA"> اجتماعی شهر و شخصیت گردشگر با انتخاب مقصد </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Zar';" dir="LTR">)</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">مطالعه موردی شهر شیراز و یزد</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Zar';" dir="LTR">(</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">. نشریه علمی </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="AR-SA">–</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA"> پژوهشی برنامه‌ریزی توسعه کالبدی</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA">،</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">2(1)، 54-39.</span> <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar';" lang="AR-SA">مهدیخانی، نیلوفر. (1394). رابطه‌ شخصیت گردشگر و شخصیت مکان با انتخاب مقصدهای شهری. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد (دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی).</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aaker, D. A. (1996). <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Measuring brand equity across products and markets.</span> CaliforniaManagement Review, 38, 102-120.</span> <span style="mso-bookmark: آکر_1997;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Aaker, J.L. (1997). <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Dimensions</span> of brand personality. 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Journal of Business, 41(1), 76-88.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Chen, C. & Chen, F. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31, 29-35.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Chen, F. & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions? Tourism Management, 28, 1115-1122.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Chi, C. G.-Q., & Qu, H. (2008). <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Examining the structural relationships ofdestination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integratedapproach.</span> Tourism Management, 29(4), 624-636.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). 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Available from open access theses and dissertations<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span></span></span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dolich, I. J. (1969). Congruence Relationships between Self-images and Product Brands.Journal of Marketing Research, 6, 80-84.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Ekinci, Y. & Hosany, S. (2006). Destination personality: An application of brand personality to tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 45, 127-139.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ekinci, Y. (2003). From <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">destination</span> image to destination branding: An emerging area of research. E-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), 1.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ekinci, Y., Sirakaya-Turk, E. & Baloglu, S. (2007). Host image and destination personality. Tourism Analysis, 12, 433-446.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. (2005).Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hosany, S., Ekinci, Y., & Uysal, M. (2006). Destination image and destinationpersonality: an application of branding theories to tourism places. Journal ofBusiness Research, 59, 638-642.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hsu, C.-I., Shih, M.-L., Huang, B.-W., Lin, B.-Y., & Lin, C.-N. (2009). <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Predicting tourism loyalty using an integrated Bayesian network mechanism.</span> Expert Systems with Applications, 36(9), 11760-11763.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hultman, M., Skarmeas, D., Oghazi, P., & Beheshti, H. M. (2015). <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Achieving tourist loyalty through destination personality, satisfaction, and identification.</span> Journalof Business Research, 68(11), 2227-2231.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1-22.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kiliҫ, B. & Sop, S. A. (2012). Destination personality, <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">self-congruity</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">and</span> loyalty. Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism, 3, 95-105.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kim, S., & Lehto, X. Y. (2013). Projected and Perceived Destination Brand Personalities: The Case of South Korea. Journal of Travel Research, 52(1), 117-130.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ Behavior at Two Distinct Destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 784-807.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kumar, V. (2016). Examining the role of destination personality and self-congruity in predicting tourist behavior. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 217-227.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kumar, V., & Nayak, J. K. (2014). Destination personality scale development and validation. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lee, J., Soutar, G., & Quintal, V. (2010). Destination personality: Cross-countrycomparisons. In Proceedings of Australian and New Zealand. 2010-anzmac.org.</span> <span style="mso-bookmark: مورفی_و_همکاران_2007a;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Li, X., & Kaplanidou, K. (2013). The impact of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on China'sdestination brand: A U. S. -based examination. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 37, 237–261.</span></span> <span style="mso-bookmark: مورفی_و_همکاران_2007a;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Matzler, K., Strobl, A., </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: مورفی_و_همکاران_2007a;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">Stokburger</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: مورفی_و_همکاران_2007a;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- Sauer, N., Bobovnicky, A. & Bauer, F. (2016). Brand personality and culture: The role of cultural differences on the impact of brand personality perceptions on tourists' visit intentions. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: مورفی_و_همکاران_2007a;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Tourism <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">management</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: مورفی_و_همکاران_2007a;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">, 52, 507-520.</span></span> <span style="mso-bookmark: مورفی_و_همکاران_2007a;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Murphy, L., Benckendorff, P., & Moscardo, G. 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The relevance of visitors' nation brand embeddedness and personality congruence for nation brand identification, visit intentions and advocacy. Tourism Management, 32, 1282–1289.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Su, N., & Reynolds, D. (2017). Effects of brand personality dimensions on consumers’ perceived self-image congruity and functional congruity with hotel brands. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 66, 1-12.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Usakli, A. & Baloglu, S. (2011). </span><span style="mso-bookmark: اوساکلی_بلوگلو_2011;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">Brand</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: اوساکلی_بلوگلو_2011;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> personality of tourist destinations: An application of self-congruity theory. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: اوساکلی_بلوگلو_2011;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Tourism management</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: اوساکلی_بلوگلو_2011;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: FA;">, 32,114-127.</span></span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L. & Parasuraman, A. (1996). <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">The Behavioral Consequences</span> of Service Quality. Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 31-46.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zeugner-Roth, K. P., & Zabkar, V. (2015). Bridging the gap between country anddestination image: Assessing common facets and their predictive validity.Journal ofBusiness Research.</span>  

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